Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MARINE GEOSCIENCES
Volume Editors
Jan Harff is Professor of Geosciences and Seafloor Geology at the University of Szczecin, Poland. His previous research focused on sedimentary basin
analysis at the Central Institute for Physics of the Earth (ZIPE, subsequently the GeoForschungsZentrum, GFZ), Potsdam, and marine geology at the
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde and the University of Greifswald, Germany. He cooperates, on a permanent basis, with marine
research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese universities, and the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China. His
research interests concern marine geology in general, sedimentology, coastal geology, paleooceanography, paleoclimatology, mathematical geology, and
basin modeling. In addition to having authored and coauthored numerous research papers and having served as editor of other scientific publications, he
acted as corresponding editor of Modeling of Sedimentary Systems (Springer, 1999) and The Baltic Sea Basin (Springer, 2011).
Martin Meschede is Professor of Regional and Structural Geology at the Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald,
Germany. His research interests focus on geodynamic processes at plate margins, subduction, large igneous provinces, exhumation,
paleogeography, paleoclimatology, basin evolution, and glacial tectonics. He participated in several marine research expeditions, among these are
the Joides Resolution of IODP and a diving cruise with Shinkai 6500. Besides a number of scientific publications, he is author and coauthor of
several textbooks on plate tectonics, structural geology, and regional geology of Germany.
Sven Petersen is a senior researcher at GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Germany. His research focuses on understanding
the processes that form and change seafloor hydrothermal systems and associated mineral deposits with time. He participated in more than 30
research cruises to submarine hydrothermal systems in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Major aims of his research are to understand their
chemical variability, the use of mobile drilling techniques and geophysical methods to investigate their subseafloor extent, as well as the use of
autonomous underwater vehicles for their exploration.
Jörn Thiede is the leader of the KÖPPEN-Laboratory of the Institute of Earth Sciences of Saint Petersburg State University. He worked during
1967–1987 at the universities of Aarhus (Denmark), Bergen (Norway), Oregon State University in Corvallis (USA), Oslo (Norway), and Kiel
(Germany) and learned to sail the world’s oceans to understand their history. Afterward, he pursued the foundation of GEOMAR. In 1997, he
joined The Alfred Wegener Institute-Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. In 2008, he served at the Geocenter Denmark as well as at
UNIS (Longyearbyen/Svalbard) and in 2011 was invited to join the St. Petersburg State University (Russia).
Editorial Board
Gerhard Bohrmann
University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
Charles W. Finkl
The Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc.
Coconut Creek, FL, USA
and
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL, USA
Mark D. Hannington
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON, Canada
and
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Germany
Roland von Huene
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Germany
Carina B. Lange
Universidad de Concepción
Concepción, Chile
Alexander P. Lisitzin
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
Jason Phipps Morgan
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA
Yujiro Ogawa
Tsukubamirai, Japan
Manik Talwani
Rice University
Houston, TX, USA
Di Zhou
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS
Guangzhou, P. R. China
Aims of the Series
The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume
comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.
These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works
published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and
oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the “Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series Editor
Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past
25 years, he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of
Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the
University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of
Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia, the Caribbean, South America, SW Pacific islands, Southern Africa,
Western Europe, and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series Editor
Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career, he has worked
as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WWII intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada,
Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard
Institute for Space Studies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MARINE GEOSCIENCES
Volume Editors
Jan Harff is Professor of Geosciences and Seafloor Geology at the University of Szczecin, Poland. His previous research focused on sedimentary basin
analysis at the Central Institute for Physics of the Earth (ZIPE, subsequently the GeoForschungsZentrum, GFZ), Potsdam, and marine geology at the
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde and the University of Greifswald, Germany. He cooperates, on a permanent basis, with marine
research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese universities, and the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China. His
research interests concern marine geology in general, sedimentology, coastal geology, paleooceanography, paleoclimatology, mathematical geology, and
basin modeling. In addition to having authored and coauthored numerous research papers and having served as editor of other scientific publications, he
acted as corresponding editor of Modeling of Sedimentary Systems (Springer, 1999) and The Baltic Sea Basin (Springer, 2011).
Martin Meschede is Professor of Regional and Structural Geology at the Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald,
Germany. His research interests focus on geodynamic processes at plate margins, subduction, large igneous provinces, exhumation,
paleogeography, paleoclimatology, basin evolution, and glacial tectonics. He participated in several marine research expeditions, among these are
the Joides Resolution of IODP and a diving cruise with Shinkai 6500. Besides a number of scientific publications, he is author and coauthor of
several textbooks on plate tectonics, structural geology, and regional geology of Germany.
Sven Petersen is a senior researcher at GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Germany. His research focuses on understanding
the processes that form and change seafloor hydrothermal systems and associated mineral deposits with time. He participated in more than 30
research cruises to submarine hydrothermal systems in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Major aims of his research are to understand their
chemical variability, the use of mobile drilling techniques and geophysical methods to investigate their subseafloor extent, as well as the use of
autonomous underwater vehicles for their exploration.
Jörn Thiede is the leader of the KÖPPEN-Laboratory of the Institute of Earth Sciences of Saint Petersburg State University. He worked during
1967–1987 at the universities of Aarhus (Denmark), Bergen (Norway), Oregon State University in Corvallis (USA), Oslo (Norway), and Kiel
(Germany) and learned to sail the world’s oceans to understand their history. Afterward, he pursued the foundation of GEOMAR. In 1997, he
joined The Alfred Wegener Institute-Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. In 2008, he served at the Geocenter Denmark as well as at
UNIS (Longyearbyen/Svalbard) and in 2011 was invited to join the St. Petersburg State University (Russia).
Editorial Board
Gerhard Bohrmann
University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
Charles W. Finkl
The Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc.
Coconut Creek, FL, USA
and
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL, USA
Mark D. Hannington
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON, Canada
and
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Germany
Roland von Huene
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Germany
Carina B. Lange
Universidad de Concepción
Concepción, Chile
Alexander P. Lisitzin
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
Jason Phipps Morgan
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA
Yujiro Ogawa
Tsukubamirai, Japan
Manik Talwani
Rice University
Houston, TX, USA
Di Zhou
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS
Guangzhou, P. R. China
Aims of the Series
The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume
comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.
These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works
published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and
oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the “Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series Editor
Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past
25 years, he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of
Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the
University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of
Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia, the Caribbean, South America, SW Pacific islands, Southern Africa,
Western Europe, and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series Editor
Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career, he has worked
as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WWII intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada,
Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard
Institute for Space Studies.