Horst, A. J., Hoshide, T., Ildefonse, B., Jean, M. M., John, B. E.,
Koepke, J., Machi, S., Maeda, J., Marks, N. E., McCaig, A. M.,
Meyer, R., Morris, A., Nozaka, T., Python, M., Saha, A., and
Wintsch, R. P., 2014. Primitive layered gabbros from fastspreading lower oceanic crust. Nature, 505, 204–207.
Ildefonse, B., Blackman, D. K., John, B. E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D. J.,
Macleod, C. J., and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304/305 Science Party, 2007. Oceanic core complexes
and crustal accretion at slow-spreading ridges. Geology, 35,
623–626.
Kelemen, P. B., Koga, K., and Shimizu, N., 1997. Geochemistry of
gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman
ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, 475–488.
Koepke, J., Berndt, J., Feig, S. T., and Holtz, F., 2007. The formation of SiO 2 -rich melts within the deep oceanic crust by hydrous
partial melting of gabbros. Contributions to Mineralogy and
Petrology, 153, 67–84.
Koepke, J., France, L., Müller, T., Faure, F., Goetze, N., Dziony, W.,
and Ildefonse, B., 2011. Gabbros from IODP Site 1256
(Equatorial Pacific): insight into axial magma chamber processes
at fast-spreading ocean ridges. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 12, doi:10.1029/2011GC003655.
Le Maitre, R. W., 1989. A Classification of the Igneous Rocks and
Glossary of Terms. Oxford: Blackwell. 193 p.
Lehnert, K., Su, Y., Langmuir, C. H., Sarbas, B., and Nohl, U., 2000.
A global geochemical database structure for rocks. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1, 1999GC000026.
Natland, J. H., and Dick, H. J. B., 2001. Formation of the lower
ocean crust and the crystallization of gabbroic cumulates at
a very slowly spreading ridge. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 110, 191–233.
Natland, J. H., and Dick, H. J. B., 2009. Paired melt lenses at the
East Pacific Rise and the pattern of melt flow through the gabbroic layer at a fast-spreading ridge. Lithos, 112, 73–86.
Phipps Morgan, J. P., and Chen, Y. J., 1993. The genesis of oceaniccrust – magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal
flow. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 98,
6283–6297.
Singh, S.C., Crawford, W.C., Carton, H., Seher, T., Combier, V.,
Cannat, M., Canales, J.P., Dusunur, D., Escartin, J., Miranda, J.
M., 2006. Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a
Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal field. Nature, 442, 1029–1032
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Cumulates
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Ophiolites
GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS
(GEBCO)
Hans Werner Schenke
Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and
Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Definition
GEBCO, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, is
a global seafloor mapping program under the auspices of
the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC) of UNESCO.
History
GEBCO was established in 1903 in Wiesbaden, Germany,
in the course of the committee meeting on ocean nomenclature and charting, chaired by Prince Albert I of Monaco
(Carpine-Lancre et al., 2003).
Five editions of GEBCO were published until 1983.
The 5th edition was digitized and used for the development of the GEBCO Digital Atlas (GDA). With the latest
version, published at the event of the GEBCO Centenary
2003 (GDA-CE), GEBCO entered the era of digital
bathymetry. The GDA-CE includes also undersea feature
names and is continuously updated with new single and
multibeam soundings.
Structure
GEBCO is directed by a Guiding Committee which organizes the work of the subcommittees and acts for GEBCO
toward the parent organizations. It supervises the development, maintenance, and updating of all GEBCO products
and fosters the cooperation with related marine scientific
associations.
GEBCO runs three subcommittees (SC):
1. Technical SC on Ocean Mapping (TSCOM): The main
task is the development of modern gridding techniques
and the continuous updating of the global
bathymetric grid.
Products: global grid, GEBCO CookBook (IHO
Publication B-11).
2. SC on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN): The function of SCUFN is to evaluate name proposals considering the IHO Publication B-6 “Standardization of
Undersea Feature Names” and to maintain and update
the IHO Publication B-8 GEBCO Web Gazetteer
(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/gazetteer/).
3. SC on Regional Undersea Mapping (SCRUM):
SCRUM was established in 2009 and tasked to initiate
and support regional ocean mapping projects and coordinate the International Bathymetric Chart (IBC) programs, like the IBC of the Arctic Ocean (http://www.
ibcao.org) and the Southern Ocean (http://www.ibcso.
org). A GEBCO world map was compiled and published
on
http://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gebco_
world_map/.
The following international agencies and universities
contribute to GEBCO:
1. The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) operates and maintains the IHO Data Center
for Digital Bathymetry (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
mgg/bathymetry/iho.html).
2. The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC)
played a key role in GEBCO’s transition from analog
268
GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS (GEBCO)
Koepke, J., Machi, S., Maeda, J., Marks, N. E., McCaig, A. M.,
Meyer, R., Morris, A., Nozaka, T., Python, M., Saha, A., and
Wintsch, R. P., 2014. Primitive layered gabbros from fastspreading lower oceanic crust. Nature, 505, 204–207.
Ildefonse, B., Blackman, D. K., John, B. E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D. J.,
Macleod, C. J., and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304/305 Science Party, 2007. Oceanic core complexes
and crustal accretion at slow-spreading ridges. Geology, 35,
623–626.
Kelemen, P. B., Koga, K., and Shimizu, N., 1997. Geochemistry of
gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman
ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, 475–488.
Koepke, J., Berndt, J., Feig, S. T., and Holtz, F., 2007. The formation of SiO 2 -rich melts within the deep oceanic crust by hydrous
partial melting of gabbros. Contributions to Mineralogy and
Petrology, 153, 67–84.
Koepke, J., France, L., Müller, T., Faure, F., Goetze, N., Dziony, W.,
and Ildefonse, B., 2011. Gabbros from IODP Site 1256
(Equatorial Pacific): insight into axial magma chamber processes
at fast-spreading ocean ridges. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 12, doi:10.1029/2011GC003655.
Le Maitre, R. W., 1989. A Classification of the Igneous Rocks and
Glossary of Terms. Oxford: Blackwell. 193 p.
Lehnert, K., Su, Y., Langmuir, C. H., Sarbas, B., and Nohl, U., 2000.
A global geochemical database structure for rocks. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1, 1999GC000026.
Natland, J. H., and Dick, H. J. B., 2001. Formation of the lower
ocean crust and the crystallization of gabbroic cumulates at
a very slowly spreading ridge. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 110, 191–233.
Natland, J. H., and Dick, H. J. B., 2009. Paired melt lenses at the
East Pacific Rise and the pattern of melt flow through the gabbroic layer at a fast-spreading ridge. Lithos, 112, 73–86.
Phipps Morgan, J. P., and Chen, Y. J., 1993. The genesis of oceaniccrust – magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal
flow. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 98,
6283–6297.
Singh, S.C., Crawford, W.C., Carton, H., Seher, T., Combier, V.,
Cannat, M., Canales, J.P., Dusunur, D., Escartin, J., Miranda, J.
M., 2006. Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a
Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal field. Nature, 442, 1029–1032
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Cumulates
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Ophiolites
GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS
(GEBCO)
Hans Werner Schenke
Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and
Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Definition
GEBCO, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, is
a global seafloor mapping program under the auspices of
the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC) of UNESCO.
History
GEBCO was established in 1903 in Wiesbaden, Germany,
in the course of the committee meeting on ocean nomenclature and charting, chaired by Prince Albert I of Monaco
(Carpine-Lancre et al., 2003).
Five editions of GEBCO were published until 1983.
The 5th edition was digitized and used for the development of the GEBCO Digital Atlas (GDA). With the latest
version, published at the event of the GEBCO Centenary
2003 (GDA-CE), GEBCO entered the era of digital
bathymetry. The GDA-CE includes also undersea feature
names and is continuously updated with new single and
multibeam soundings.
Structure
GEBCO is directed by a Guiding Committee which organizes the work of the subcommittees and acts for GEBCO
toward the parent organizations. It supervises the development, maintenance, and updating of all GEBCO products
and fosters the cooperation with related marine scientific
associations.
GEBCO runs three subcommittees (SC):
1. Technical SC on Ocean Mapping (TSCOM): The main
task is the development of modern gridding techniques
and the continuous updating of the global
bathymetric grid.
Products: global grid, GEBCO CookBook (IHO
Publication B-11).
2. SC on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN): The function of SCUFN is to evaluate name proposals considering the IHO Publication B-6 “Standardization of
Undersea Feature Names” and to maintain and update
the IHO Publication B-8 GEBCO Web Gazetteer
(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/gazetteer/).
3. SC on Regional Undersea Mapping (SCRUM):
SCRUM was established in 2009 and tasked to initiate
and support regional ocean mapping projects and coordinate the International Bathymetric Chart (IBC) programs, like the IBC of the Arctic Ocean (http://www.
ibcao.org) and the Southern Ocean (http://www.ibcso.
org). A GEBCO world map was compiled and published
on
http://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gebco_
world_map/.
The following international agencies and universities
contribute to GEBCO:
1. The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) operates and maintains the IHO Data Center
for Digital Bathymetry (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
mgg/bathymetry/iho.html).
2. The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC)
played a key role in GEBCO’s transition from analog
268
GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS (GEBCO)