volatile content but rather on the potential to sequester gas
bubbles within the shallow reservoir. Such mechanisms
have been argued for to facilitate deep-sea explosive activity, specifically at MOR systems (e.g., Clague et al.,
2009a; Helo et al., 2011; Pontbriand et al., 2012).
Concluding remarks
Deep-sea volcanoes in all principle oceanic settings display the capability to erupt explosively. Volcanism in this
environment is therefore more vigorous than previously
thought. Notably, this includes MOR, the most volatilepoor, but in total the most productive volcanoes on Earth.
Many of the observed features and relationships that led to
our current concept of explosive deep-sea volcanism are
still based on a limited number of cases, and much remains
unknown about the nature of submarine explosive eruptions and the phenomenon is still enigmatic.
Bibliography
Barreyre, T., Soule, S. A., and Sohn, R. A., 2011. Dispersal of
volcaniclasts during deep-sea eruptions: settling velocities and
entrainment in buoyant seawater plumes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 205, 84–93.
Bonatti, E., and Harrison, C. G. A., 1988. Eruption styles of basalt in
oceanic spreading ridges and seamounts: effect of magma temperature and viscosity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93
(B4), 2967–2980.
Cas, R. A. F., and Wright, J. V., 1987. Volcanic Successions: Modern and Ancient. London: Chapman & Hall.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Cashman, K. V., Embley, R. W., Matsumoto,
H., Dziak, R. P., de Ronde, C. E. J., Lau, T. K., Deardorff, N. D.,
and Merle, S.G., 2008. Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW rota-1 volcano,
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B08S10.
Clague, D. A., 2009. Accumulation rates of volcaniclastic deposits
on loihi seamount, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 71,
705–710.
Clague, D. A., Batiza, R., Head, J. W. I., and Davis, A. S., 2003a.
Pyroclastic and hydroclastic deposits on loihi seamount, Hawaii.
In White, J. D. L., Smellie, J. L., and Clague, D. A. (eds.), Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 73–95.
Clague, D. A., Davis, A. S., and Dixon, J. E., 2003b. Submarine
eruptions on the gorda Mid-Ocean ridge. In White, J. D. L.,
Smellie, J. L., and Clague, D. A. (eds.), Explosive Subaqueous
Volcanism. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 111–125.
Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., and Davis, A. S., 2009a. Widespread
strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 180, 171–188.
Clague, D.A., Rubin, K.H., Keller, N.S., 2009b. Products of Submarine Fountains and Bubble-burst Eruptive Activity at 1200 m on
West Mata Volcano, Lau Basin. Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meet.
Suppl., Abstract V43I-02.
Davis, A. S., and Clague, D. A., 2006. Volcaniclastic deposits from
the North Arch volcanic field, Hawaii: explosive fragmentation
of alkalic lava at abyssal depths. Bulletin of Volcanology, 68,
294–307.
Deardorff, N. D., Cashman, K. V., and Chadwick, W. W., Jr., 2011.
Observations of eruptive plume dynamics and pyroclastic
deposits from submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1,
Mariana arc. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
202, 47–59.
Dixon, J. E., Stolper, E. M., and Holloway, J. R., 1995. An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid
ocean ridge basaltic liquids. 1. Calibration and solubility models.
Journal of Petrology, 36, 1607–1631.
Fisher, R. V., and Schmincke, H. U., 1984. Pyroclastic Rocks. Berlin: Springer.
Fouquet, Y., et al., 1998. Extensive volcaniclastic deposits at the
Mid-Atlantic ridge axis: results of deep-water basaltic explosive
volcanic activity? Terra Nova, 10, 280–286.
Fox, P. J., and Heezen, B. C., 1965. Sands of the Mid-Atlantic ridge.
Science, 149, 1367–1370.
Gill, J., et al., 1990. Explosive deep-water basalt in the sumisu
backarc rift. Science, 248, 1214–1217.
Head, J. W., and Wilson, L., 2003. Deep submarine pyroclastic
eruptions: theory and predicted landforms and deposits. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 121, 155–193.
Helo, C., Longpré, M.-A., Shimizu, N., Clague, D. A., and Stix, J.,
2011. Explosive eruptions at mid-ocean ridges driven by CO 2 -
rich magmas. Nature Geosciences, 4, 260–263.
Helo, C., Clague, D. A., Dingwell, D. B., and Stix, J., 2013. High
and highly variable cooling rates during pyroclastic eruptions
on axial seamount, Juan de Fuca ridge. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research, 253, 54–64.
Maicher, D., White, J. D. L., and Batiza, R., 2000. Sheet
hyaloclastite: density-current deposits of quench and bubbleburst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, seamount
Six, eastern pacific ocean. Marine Geology, 171, 75–94.
Moore, G., 2008. Interpreting H 2 O and CO 2 contents in melt inclusions: constraints from solubility experiments and modeling. In
Putirka, K.D., Tepley III, F.J. (eds.), Minerals, Inclusions and
Volcanic Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry.
Chantilly, Virgina, USA: Mineralogical Society of America,
Geochemical Society, pp. 333–361.
Moores, E. M., Robinson, P. T., Malpas, J., and Xenophonotos, C.,
1984. Model for the origin of the troodos massif, Cyprus, and
other Mideast ophiolites. Geology, 12, 500–503.
Newman, S., and Lowenstern, J. B., 2002. VOLATILECALC:
a silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in visual basic
for excel. Computational Geosciences, 28, 597–604.
Papale, P., Moretti, R., and Barbato, D., 2006. The compositional
dependence of the saturation surface of H 2 O + CO 2 fluids in silicate melts. Chemical Geology, 229, 78–95.
Pontbriand, C. W., et al., 2012. Effusive and explosive volcanism on
the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, 85 degrees
E. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q10005.
Potuzak, M., Nichols, A. R. L., Dingwell, D. B., and Clague, D. A.,
2008. Hyperquenched volcanic glass from Loihi
Seamount, Hawaii. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270,
54–62.
Resing, J. A., et al., 2011. Active submarine eruption of boninite in
the northeastern Lau Basin. Nature Geoscience, 4, 799–806.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, S. A., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Fornari, D. J.,
Clague, D. A., Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Perfit, M. R., Caress,
D. W., and Dziak, R. P., 2012. Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea.
Oceanography, 25, 142–157.
Schipper, C. I., White, J. D. L., Houghton, B. F., Shimizu, N., and
Stewart, R. B., 2010. Explosive submarine eruptions driven by
volatile-coupled degassing at Lo’ihi Seamount, Hawai’i. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 295, 497–510.
Schmincke, H.-U., Robinson, P.T., Ohnmacht, W. and Flower, M.
FJ., 1978. Basaltic hyaloclastites from hole 396B, DSDP Leg
46. In: Dmitriev, L., Heirtzler, J., et al., (eds.), Initial Reports
Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 46: Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 341–348.
Shaw, A. M., Behn, M. D., Humphris, S. E., Sohn, R. A., and Gregg,
P. M., 2010. Deep pooling of low degree melts and volatile
fluxes at the 85 degrees E segment of the gakkel ridge: evidence
from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289, 311–322.
246
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM IN THE DEEP SEA
bubbles within the shallow reservoir. Such mechanisms
have been argued for to facilitate deep-sea explosive activity, specifically at MOR systems (e.g., Clague et al.,
2009a; Helo et al., 2011; Pontbriand et al., 2012).
Concluding remarks
Deep-sea volcanoes in all principle oceanic settings display the capability to erupt explosively. Volcanism in this
environment is therefore more vigorous than previously
thought. Notably, this includes MOR, the most volatilepoor, but in total the most productive volcanoes on Earth.
Many of the observed features and relationships that led to
our current concept of explosive deep-sea volcanism are
still based on a limited number of cases, and much remains
unknown about the nature of submarine explosive eruptions and the phenomenon is still enigmatic.
Bibliography
Barreyre, T., Soule, S. A., and Sohn, R. A., 2011. Dispersal of
volcaniclasts during deep-sea eruptions: settling velocities and
entrainment in buoyant seawater plumes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 205, 84–93.
Bonatti, E., and Harrison, C. G. A., 1988. Eruption styles of basalt in
oceanic spreading ridges and seamounts: effect of magma temperature and viscosity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93
(B4), 2967–2980.
Cas, R. A. F., and Wright, J. V., 1987. Volcanic Successions: Modern and Ancient. London: Chapman & Hall.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Cashman, K. V., Embley, R. W., Matsumoto,
H., Dziak, R. P., de Ronde, C. E. J., Lau, T. K., Deardorff, N. D.,
and Merle, S.G., 2008. Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW rota-1 volcano,
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B08S10.
Clague, D. A., 2009. Accumulation rates of volcaniclastic deposits
on loihi seamount, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 71,
705–710.
Clague, D. A., Batiza, R., Head, J. W. I., and Davis, A. S., 2003a.
Pyroclastic and hydroclastic deposits on loihi seamount, Hawaii.
In White, J. D. L., Smellie, J. L., and Clague, D. A. (eds.), Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 73–95.
Clague, D. A., Davis, A. S., and Dixon, J. E., 2003b. Submarine
eruptions on the gorda Mid-Ocean ridge. In White, J. D. L.,
Smellie, J. L., and Clague, D. A. (eds.), Explosive Subaqueous
Volcanism. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 111–125.
Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., and Davis, A. S., 2009a. Widespread
strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 180, 171–188.
Clague, D.A., Rubin, K.H., Keller, N.S., 2009b. Products of Submarine Fountains and Bubble-burst Eruptive Activity at 1200 m on
West Mata Volcano, Lau Basin. Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meet.
Suppl., Abstract V43I-02.
Davis, A. S., and Clague, D. A., 2006. Volcaniclastic deposits from
the North Arch volcanic field, Hawaii: explosive fragmentation
of alkalic lava at abyssal depths. Bulletin of Volcanology, 68,
294–307.
Deardorff, N. D., Cashman, K. V., and Chadwick, W. W., Jr., 2011.
Observations of eruptive plume dynamics and pyroclastic
deposits from submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1,
Mariana arc. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
202, 47–59.
Dixon, J. E., Stolper, E. M., and Holloway, J. R., 1995. An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid
ocean ridge basaltic liquids. 1. Calibration and solubility models.
Journal of Petrology, 36, 1607–1631.
Fisher, R. V., and Schmincke, H. U., 1984. Pyroclastic Rocks. Berlin: Springer.
Fouquet, Y., et al., 1998. Extensive volcaniclastic deposits at the
Mid-Atlantic ridge axis: results of deep-water basaltic explosive
volcanic activity? Terra Nova, 10, 280–286.
Fox, P. J., and Heezen, B. C., 1965. Sands of the Mid-Atlantic ridge.
Science, 149, 1367–1370.
Gill, J., et al., 1990. Explosive deep-water basalt in the sumisu
backarc rift. Science, 248, 1214–1217.
Head, J. W., and Wilson, L., 2003. Deep submarine pyroclastic
eruptions: theory and predicted landforms and deposits. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 121, 155–193.
Helo, C., Longpré, M.-A., Shimizu, N., Clague, D. A., and Stix, J.,
2011. Explosive eruptions at mid-ocean ridges driven by CO 2 -
rich magmas. Nature Geosciences, 4, 260–263.
Helo, C., Clague, D. A., Dingwell, D. B., and Stix, J., 2013. High
and highly variable cooling rates during pyroclastic eruptions
on axial seamount, Juan de Fuca ridge. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research, 253, 54–64.
Maicher, D., White, J. D. L., and Batiza, R., 2000. Sheet
hyaloclastite: density-current deposits of quench and bubbleburst fragments from thin, glassy sheet lava flows, seamount
Six, eastern pacific ocean. Marine Geology, 171, 75–94.
Moore, G., 2008. Interpreting H 2 O and CO 2 contents in melt inclusions: constraints from solubility experiments and modeling. In
Putirka, K.D., Tepley III, F.J. (eds.), Minerals, Inclusions and
Volcanic Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry.
Chantilly, Virgina, USA: Mineralogical Society of America,
Geochemical Society, pp. 333–361.
Moores, E. M., Robinson, P. T., Malpas, J., and Xenophonotos, C.,
1984. Model for the origin of the troodos massif, Cyprus, and
other Mideast ophiolites. Geology, 12, 500–503.
Newman, S., and Lowenstern, J. B., 2002. VOLATILECALC:
a silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in visual basic
for excel. Computational Geosciences, 28, 597–604.
Papale, P., Moretti, R., and Barbato, D., 2006. The compositional
dependence of the saturation surface of H 2 O + CO 2 fluids in silicate melts. Chemical Geology, 229, 78–95.
Pontbriand, C. W., et al., 2012. Effusive and explosive volcanism on
the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, 85 degrees
E. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q10005.
Potuzak, M., Nichols, A. R. L., Dingwell, D. B., and Clague, D. A.,
2008. Hyperquenched volcanic glass from Loihi
Seamount, Hawaii. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270,
54–62.
Resing, J. A., et al., 2011. Active submarine eruption of boninite in
the northeastern Lau Basin. Nature Geoscience, 4, 799–806.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, S. A., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Fornari, D. J.,
Clague, D. A., Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Perfit, M. R., Caress,
D. W., and Dziak, R. P., 2012. Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea.
Oceanography, 25, 142–157.
Schipper, C. I., White, J. D. L., Houghton, B. F., Shimizu, N., and
Stewart, R. B., 2010. Explosive submarine eruptions driven by
volatile-coupled degassing at Lo’ihi Seamount, Hawai’i. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 295, 497–510.
Schmincke, H.-U., Robinson, P.T., Ohnmacht, W. and Flower, M.
FJ., 1978. Basaltic hyaloclastites from hole 396B, DSDP Leg
46. In: Dmitriev, L., Heirtzler, J., et al., (eds.), Initial Reports
Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 46: Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 341–348.
Shaw, A. M., Behn, M. D., Humphris, S. E., Sohn, R. A., and Gregg,
P. M., 2010. Deep pooling of low degree melts and volatile
fluxes at the 85 degrees E segment of the gakkel ridge: evidence
from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289, 311–322.
246
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM IN THE DEEP SEA