“golden triangle” of Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, and West
Africa. The greatest potential of undiscovered oil and gas
is assumed in deepwater settings at continental margins
and in the Arctic realm.
While it is believed that renewable energy has minor
environmental impact, the production of oil and gas
resources inherently comes along with a risk for the environment. Best practice regulations are necessary to reduce
risks in the future.
Bibliography
Andruleit, H., Bahr, A., Babies, H. G., Franke, D., Meßner, J.,
Pierau, R., Schauer, M., Schmidt, S., and Weihmann, S., 2013.
Energiestudie 2013 Reserven, Ressourcen und Verfügbarkeit
von Energierohstoffen. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften
und Rohstoffe (BGR) für die Deutsche Rohstoffagentur
(DERA), 112p.
Berglar, K., Gaedicke, C., Franke, D., Ladage, S., Klingelhoefer, F.,
and Djajadihardja, Y. S., 2010. Structural evolution and strikeslip tectonics off north-western Sumatra. Tectonophysics, 480
(1–4), 119–132.
Chakhmakhchev, A., and Rushworth, P., 2010. Global overview of
recent exploration investment in deepwater – new discoveries,
plays and exploration potential. Paper presented at the AAPG
Convention September 12–15, 2010, Calgary, AB, Search and
Discovery Article #40656.
Collet, T. S., 2000. Natural gas hydrates as a potential energy
resource. In Max, M. D. (ed.), Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic
and Permafrost Environments. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic,
pp. 123–136.
Dickinson, W. R., 1995. Forearc basins. In Busby, C. J., and Ingersoll, R. V. (eds.), Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins. Oxford:
Blackwell Science, pp. 221–261.
Dillon, W. P., and Max, M. D., 1998. Oceanic methane hydrate: the
characters of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the
potential for methane extraction. Journal of Petroleum Geology,
21(3), 343–357.
Esser, R., 2001. Discoveries of the 1990s. In Downey, M. W.,
Threet, J. C., and Morgan, W. A. (eds.), Petroleum Provinces
of the Twenty-First Century. Tulsa: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists. AAPG Memoir 74, pp. 35–43.
Franke, D., 2013. Rifting, lithosphere breakup and volcanism: comparison of magma-poor and volcanic rifted margins. Marine and
Petroleum
Geology,
43,
63–87,
doi:10.1016/j.
marpetgeo.2012.11.003.
Grantz, A., Scott, R. A., Drachev, S. S., Moore, T. E., and Valin,
Z. C., 2011. Sedimentary successions of the Arctic Region
(58–64
to 90
N) that may be prospective for hydrocarbons.
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 35, 17–37.
Gautier, D. L., Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Grantz, A.,
Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., Moore, T. E., Pitman, J. K.,
Schenk, C. J., Schuenemeyer, J. H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.
E., Valin, Z. C., Wandrey, C. J., 2009. Assessment of undiscovered
oil and gas in the arctic. Science, 324, 1175–1179. doi:10.1126/
science.1169467
Halbouty, M., 2001. Giant oil and gas fields of the
decade 1990–1999: an introduction. Paper presented at the
AAPG Convention, Denver, CO. Search and Discovery Article
#20005.
Hinz, K., 1981. A hypothesis on terrestrial catastrophes: wedges of
very thick oceanward dipping layers beneath passive continental
margins – their origin and paleoenvironmental significance.
Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe, E22, 3–28.
Hughes, C., and Kinnersley, D., 2010. Developments in Deepwater.
Energy Briefings Series 2010 Deepwater. Energy Institute.
www.deloitte.co.uk/energybriefings
Kvenvolden, K. A., 1993. Gas hydrates- geological perspective and
global changes. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 173–187.
Lutz, R., Gaedicke, C., Berglar, K., Schloemer, S., Franke, D., and
Djajadihardja, Y. S., 2011. Petroleum systems of the Simeulue
forearc basin, offshore Sumatra, Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin,
95(9), 1589–1616.
Menzies, M. A., Klemperer, S. L., Ebinger, C. J., and Baker, J.,
2002. Characteristics of volcanic rifted margins. In Menzies,
M. A., Klemperer, S. L., Ebinger, C. J., and Baker, J. (eds.), Volcanic Rifted Margins. Boulder: Geological Society of America.
Geological Society of America Special Paper Boulder, Vol.
362, pp. 1–14.
Mutter, J. C., Talwani, M., and Stoffa, P. L., 1982. Origin of seawarddipping reflectors in oceanic crust off the Norwegian margin by
“subaerial sea-floor spreading”. Geology, 10(7), 353–357,
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<353:oosrio>2.0.co;2.
Peron-Pinvidic, G., Manatschal, G., and Osmundsen, P. T., 2013.
Structural comparison of archetypal Atlantic rifted margins:
a review of observations and concepts. Marine and Petroleum
Geology, 43, 21–47, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.02.002.
Skogseid, J., 2001. Volcanic margins: geodynamic and exploration
aspects. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18(4), 457–461.
von Huene, R., and Scholl, D. W., 1991. Observations at convergent
margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion,
and the growth of continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics,
29(3), 279–316, doi:10.1029/91rg00969.
Whitmarsh, R. B., Manatschal, G., and Minshull, T. A., 2001. Evolution of magma-poor continental margins from rifting to seafloor spreading. Nature, 413(6852), 150–154.
Cross-references
Bottom Simulating Seismic Reflectors (BSR)
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Intraplate Magmatism
Lithosphere: Structure and Composition
Marine Sedimentary Basins
Ocean Margin Systems
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Paleoceanography
Regional Marine Geology
Subduction
Technology in Marine Geosciences
ENGINEERED COASTS
H. Jesse Walker
Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Definition
Engineered coasts, as used in this essay, refer to all coastal
zones that have consciously modified by humans from
their natural state. Emphasized are those that have been
reclaimed, converted into ports, urban, and recreational
H. Jesse Walker is deceased.
226
ENGINEERED COASTS
Africa. The greatest potential of undiscovered oil and gas
is assumed in deepwater settings at continental margins
and in the Arctic realm.
While it is believed that renewable energy has minor
environmental impact, the production of oil and gas
resources inherently comes along with a risk for the environment. Best practice regulations are necessary to reduce
risks in the future.
Bibliography
Andruleit, H., Bahr, A., Babies, H. G., Franke, D., Meßner, J.,
Pierau, R., Schauer, M., Schmidt, S., and Weihmann, S., 2013.
Energiestudie 2013 Reserven, Ressourcen und Verfügbarkeit
von Energierohstoffen. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften
und Rohstoffe (BGR) für die Deutsche Rohstoffagentur
(DERA), 112p.
Berglar, K., Gaedicke, C., Franke, D., Ladage, S., Klingelhoefer, F.,
and Djajadihardja, Y. S., 2010. Structural evolution and strikeslip tectonics off north-western Sumatra. Tectonophysics, 480
(1–4), 119–132.
Chakhmakhchev, A., and Rushworth, P., 2010. Global overview of
recent exploration investment in deepwater – new discoveries,
plays and exploration potential. Paper presented at the AAPG
Convention September 12–15, 2010, Calgary, AB, Search and
Discovery Article #40656.
Collet, T. S., 2000. Natural gas hydrates as a potential energy
resource. In Max, M. D. (ed.), Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic
and Permafrost Environments. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic,
pp. 123–136.
Dickinson, W. R., 1995. Forearc basins. In Busby, C. J., and Ingersoll, R. V. (eds.), Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins. Oxford:
Blackwell Science, pp. 221–261.
Dillon, W. P., and Max, M. D., 1998. Oceanic methane hydrate: the
characters of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the
potential for methane extraction. Journal of Petroleum Geology,
21(3), 343–357.
Esser, R., 2001. Discoveries of the 1990s. In Downey, M. W.,
Threet, J. C., and Morgan, W. A. (eds.), Petroleum Provinces
of the Twenty-First Century. Tulsa: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists. AAPG Memoir 74, pp. 35–43.
Franke, D., 2013. Rifting, lithosphere breakup and volcanism: comparison of magma-poor and volcanic rifted margins. Marine and
Petroleum
Geology,
43,
63–87,
doi:10.1016/j.
marpetgeo.2012.11.003.
Grantz, A., Scott, R. A., Drachev, S. S., Moore, T. E., and Valin,
Z. C., 2011. Sedimentary successions of the Arctic Region
(58–64
to 90
N) that may be prospective for hydrocarbons.
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 35, 17–37.
Gautier, D. L., Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Grantz, A.,
Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., Moore, T. E., Pitman, J. K.,
Schenk, C. J., Schuenemeyer, J. H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.
E., Valin, Z. C., Wandrey, C. J., 2009. Assessment of undiscovered
oil and gas in the arctic. Science, 324, 1175–1179. doi:10.1126/
science.1169467
Halbouty, M., 2001. Giant oil and gas fields of the
decade 1990–1999: an introduction. Paper presented at the
AAPG Convention, Denver, CO. Search and Discovery Article
#20005.
Hinz, K., 1981. A hypothesis on terrestrial catastrophes: wedges of
very thick oceanward dipping layers beneath passive continental
margins – their origin and paleoenvironmental significance.
Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe, E22, 3–28.
Hughes, C., and Kinnersley, D., 2010. Developments in Deepwater.
Energy Briefings Series 2010 Deepwater. Energy Institute.
www.deloitte.co.uk/energybriefings
Kvenvolden, K. A., 1993. Gas hydrates- geological perspective and
global changes. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 173–187.
Lutz, R., Gaedicke, C., Berglar, K., Schloemer, S., Franke, D., and
Djajadihardja, Y. S., 2011. Petroleum systems of the Simeulue
forearc basin, offshore Sumatra, Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin,
95(9), 1589–1616.
Menzies, M. A., Klemperer, S. L., Ebinger, C. J., and Baker, J.,
2002. Characteristics of volcanic rifted margins. In Menzies,
M. A., Klemperer, S. L., Ebinger, C. J., and Baker, J. (eds.), Volcanic Rifted Margins. Boulder: Geological Society of America.
Geological Society of America Special Paper Boulder, Vol.
362, pp. 1–14.
Mutter, J. C., Talwani, M., and Stoffa, P. L., 1982. Origin of seawarddipping reflectors in oceanic crust off the Norwegian margin by
“subaerial sea-floor spreading”. Geology, 10(7), 353–357,
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<353:oosrio>2.0.co;2.
Peron-Pinvidic, G., Manatschal, G., and Osmundsen, P. T., 2013.
Structural comparison of archetypal Atlantic rifted margins:
a review of observations and concepts. Marine and Petroleum
Geology, 43, 21–47, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.02.002.
Skogseid, J., 2001. Volcanic margins: geodynamic and exploration
aspects. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18(4), 457–461.
von Huene, R., and Scholl, D. W., 1991. Observations at convergent
margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion,
and the growth of continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics,
29(3), 279–316, doi:10.1029/91rg00969.
Whitmarsh, R. B., Manatschal, G., and Minshull, T. A., 2001. Evolution of magma-poor continental margins from rifting to seafloor spreading. Nature, 413(6852), 150–154.
Cross-references
Bottom Simulating Seismic Reflectors (BSR)
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Intraplate Magmatism
Lithosphere: Structure and Composition
Marine Sedimentary Basins
Ocean Margin Systems
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Paleoceanography
Regional Marine Geology
Subduction
Technology in Marine Geosciences
ENGINEERED COASTS
H. Jesse Walker
Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Definition
Engineered coasts, as used in this essay, refer to all coastal
zones that have consciously modified by humans from
their natural state. Emphasized are those that have been
reclaimed, converted into ports, urban, and recreational
H. Jesse Walker is deceased.
226
ENGINEERED COASTS