Bibliography
Aki, K., and Richards, P. G., 2002. Quantitative Seismology,
2nd edn. New York: Freeman.
Beroza, G. C., and Ide, S., 2011. Slow earthquakes and
non-volcanic tremor. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 39, 271–296, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809152531.
Choy, G. L., and Boatwright, J. L., 1995. Global patterns of radiated
seismic energy and apparent stress. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 100(B9), 18,205–18,228.
Cisternas, M., et al., 2005. Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile
earthquake. Nature, 437, 404–407, doi:10.1038/nature03943.
Clauser, C., 2014. Einführung in die Geophysik. Berlin: Springer,
p. 407 pp.
Dragert, H., Wang, K., and James, T. S., 2001. A silent slip event on
the deeper Cascadia subduction interface. Science, 292,
1525–1528.
Eberhart-Phillips, D., Reyners, M., Chadwick, M., and Stuart, G.,
2008. Three-dimensional attenuation structure of the Hikurangi
subduction zone in the central North Island, New Zealand. Geophysical Journal International, 174, 418–434, doi:10.1111/
j.1365-246X.2008.03816.
Fowler, M., 2005. The Solid Earth, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 685 pp.
Giardini, D., Grüntha, G., Shedlock, K.M., and Zhang, P., 1999. The
GSHAP global seismic hazard map. Annali di Geofisica 42,
1225–1230.
Goldfinger, C., 2011. Submarine paleoseismology based on turbidite records. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 35–66,
doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142852.
Green, R. A., Obermeier, S. F., and Olson, S. M., 2005. Engineering
geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking
using liquefaction effects: field examples. Engineering Geology,
76, 263–293, doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and
Associated Phenomena, 2nd edn. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 310 pp.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., 1956. Magnitude and energy of
earthquakes. Annali di Geofisica, 9, 1–15.
Hainzl, S., Fischer, T., and Dahm, T., 2012. Seismicity-based estimation of the driving fluid pressure in the case of swarm activity
in Western Bohemia. Geophysical Journal International, 191,
271–281, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05610.x.
Hanks, T. C., and Kanamori, H., 1979. A moment magnitude scale.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 2348–2350.
Heuret, A., and Lallemand, S., 2005. Plate motions, slab dynamics
and back-arc deformation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary
Interiors, 149, 31–51.
Hickman, S., Sibson, R., and Bruhn, R., 1995. Introduction to special section: mechanical involvement of fluids in faulting. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 12 831–12 840.
Holtkamp, S. G., and Brudzinski, M. R., 2011. Earthquakes swarms
in circum-Pacific subduction zones. EPSL, 305, 205–215,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.004.
Kanamori, H., and Brodsky, E. E., 2004. The physics of earthquakes. Reports on Progress in Physics, 67, 1429–1496,
doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/R03.
McKenzie, D., Jackson, J., and Priestley, K., 2005. Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 233, 337–349, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.005.
Okal, E. A., and Newman, A. V., 2001. Tsunami earthquakes: the
quest for a regional signal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
124, 45–70.
Okal, E. A., and Sweet, J. R., 2007. Frequency-size distributions for
intraplate earthquakes. Geological Society of America Special
Papers, 425, 59–71, doi:10.1130/2007.2425(05).
Pacheco, J. F., and Sykes, L. R., 1992. Seismic moment catalog of
large shallow earthquakes, 1900 to 1989. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82, 1306–1349.
Quigley, M. C., Bastin, S., and Bradley, B. A., 2013. Recurrent liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Canterbury
earthquake sequence. Geology, 41, 419–422, doi:10.1130/
G33944.1.
Scholz, C. H., 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 471 pp.
Schurr, B., Asch, G., Rietbrock, A., Trumbull, R., and
Haberland, C., 2003. Complex patterns of fluid and melt
transport in the central Andean subduction zone revealed by
attenuation tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
215, 105–119, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00441-2.
Schwartz, S. Y., and Rokosky, J. M., 2007. Slow slip events and
seismic tremor at circum-Pacific subduction zones. Reviews of
Geophysics, 45, RG3004. 32 pp.
Shedlock, K. M., Giardini, D., Grünthal, G., and Zhang, P., 2000.
The GSHAP global seismic hazard map. Seismologica Research
Letters, 71, 679–686.
Stein, S., and Wysession, M., 2003. An Introduction to Seismology,
Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Malden: Blackwell, p. 498
pp.
Triep, E. O., and Sykes, L. R., 1997. Frequency of occurrence of
moderate to great earthquakes in intracontinental regions: Implications for changes in stress, earthquake prediction, and hazards
assessments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
9923–9948.
Turcotte, D. L., and Schubert, G., 2014. Geodynamics, 3rd edn.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 623 pp.
Wallace, L. M., Beavan, J., Bannister, S., and Williams, C., 2012.
Simultaneous long-term and short-term slow slip events at the
Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand: implications for
processes that control slow slip event occurrence, duration, and
migration. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, B11402,
doi:10.1029/2012JB009489.
Wells, D. L., and Coppersmith, K. J., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture
area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological
Society of America, 84, 974–1002.
Cross-references
Epicenter, Hypocenter
Geohazards: Coastal Disasters
Plate Motion
Seismogenic Zone
Subduction
Tsunamis
Wadati-Benioff-Zone
EL NIN ˜ O (SOUTHERN OSCILLATION)
Janina Körper
Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin,
Berlin, Germany
Synonyms
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event
Antonym
La Niña
216
EL NIN ˜ O (SOUTHERN OSCILLATION)
Aki, K., and Richards, P. G., 2002. Quantitative Seismology,
2nd edn. New York: Freeman.
Beroza, G. C., and Ide, S., 2011. Slow earthquakes and
non-volcanic tremor. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 39, 271–296, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809152531.
Choy, G. L., and Boatwright, J. L., 1995. Global patterns of radiated
seismic energy and apparent stress. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 100(B9), 18,205–18,228.
Cisternas, M., et al., 2005. Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile
earthquake. Nature, 437, 404–407, doi:10.1038/nature03943.
Clauser, C., 2014. Einführung in die Geophysik. Berlin: Springer,
p. 407 pp.
Dragert, H., Wang, K., and James, T. S., 2001. A silent slip event on
the deeper Cascadia subduction interface. Science, 292,
1525–1528.
Eberhart-Phillips, D., Reyners, M., Chadwick, M., and Stuart, G.,
2008. Three-dimensional attenuation structure of the Hikurangi
subduction zone in the central North Island, New Zealand. Geophysical Journal International, 174, 418–434, doi:10.1111/
j.1365-246X.2008.03816.
Fowler, M., 2005. The Solid Earth, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 685 pp.
Giardini, D., Grüntha, G., Shedlock, K.M., and Zhang, P., 1999. The
GSHAP global seismic hazard map. Annali di Geofisica 42,
1225–1230.
Goldfinger, C., 2011. Submarine paleoseismology based on turbidite records. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 35–66,
doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142852.
Green, R. A., Obermeier, S. F., and Olson, S. M., 2005. Engineering
geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking
using liquefaction effects: field examples. Engineering Geology,
76, 263–293, doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and
Associated Phenomena, 2nd edn. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 310 pp.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., 1956. Magnitude and energy of
earthquakes. Annali di Geofisica, 9, 1–15.
Hainzl, S., Fischer, T., and Dahm, T., 2012. Seismicity-based estimation of the driving fluid pressure in the case of swarm activity
in Western Bohemia. Geophysical Journal International, 191,
271–281, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05610.x.
Hanks, T. C., and Kanamori, H., 1979. A moment magnitude scale.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 2348–2350.
Heuret, A., and Lallemand, S., 2005. Plate motions, slab dynamics
and back-arc deformation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary
Interiors, 149, 31–51.
Hickman, S., Sibson, R., and Bruhn, R., 1995. Introduction to special section: mechanical involvement of fluids in faulting. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 12 831–12 840.
Holtkamp, S. G., and Brudzinski, M. R., 2011. Earthquakes swarms
in circum-Pacific subduction zones. EPSL, 305, 205–215,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.004.
Kanamori, H., and Brodsky, E. E., 2004. The physics of earthquakes. Reports on Progress in Physics, 67, 1429–1496,
doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/R03.
McKenzie, D., Jackson, J., and Priestley, K., 2005. Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 233, 337–349, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.005.
Okal, E. A., and Newman, A. V., 2001. Tsunami earthquakes: the
quest for a regional signal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
124, 45–70.
Okal, E. A., and Sweet, J. R., 2007. Frequency-size distributions for
intraplate earthquakes. Geological Society of America Special
Papers, 425, 59–71, doi:10.1130/2007.2425(05).
Pacheco, J. F., and Sykes, L. R., 1992. Seismic moment catalog of
large shallow earthquakes, 1900 to 1989. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82, 1306–1349.
Quigley, M. C., Bastin, S., and Bradley, B. A., 2013. Recurrent liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Canterbury
earthquake sequence. Geology, 41, 419–422, doi:10.1130/
G33944.1.
Scholz, C. H., 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 471 pp.
Schurr, B., Asch, G., Rietbrock, A., Trumbull, R., and
Haberland, C., 2003. Complex patterns of fluid and melt
transport in the central Andean subduction zone revealed by
attenuation tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
215, 105–119, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00441-2.
Schwartz, S. Y., and Rokosky, J. M., 2007. Slow slip events and
seismic tremor at circum-Pacific subduction zones. Reviews of
Geophysics, 45, RG3004. 32 pp.
Shedlock, K. M., Giardini, D., Grünthal, G., and Zhang, P., 2000.
The GSHAP global seismic hazard map. Seismologica Research
Letters, 71, 679–686.
Stein, S., and Wysession, M., 2003. An Introduction to Seismology,
Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Malden: Blackwell, p. 498
pp.
Triep, E. O., and Sykes, L. R., 1997. Frequency of occurrence of
moderate to great earthquakes in intracontinental regions: Implications for changes in stress, earthquake prediction, and hazards
assessments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
9923–9948.
Turcotte, D. L., and Schubert, G., 2014. Geodynamics, 3rd edn.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 623 pp.
Wallace, L. M., Beavan, J., Bannister, S., and Williams, C., 2012.
Simultaneous long-term and short-term slow slip events at the
Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand: implications for
processes that control slow slip event occurrence, duration, and
migration. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, B11402,
doi:10.1029/2012JB009489.
Wells, D. L., and Coppersmith, K. J., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture
area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological
Society of America, 84, 974–1002.
Cross-references
Epicenter, Hypocenter
Geohazards: Coastal Disasters
Plate Motion
Seismogenic Zone
Subduction
Tsunamis
Wadati-Benioff-Zone
EL NIN ˜ O (SOUTHERN OSCILLATION)
Janina Körper
Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin,
Berlin, Germany
Synonyms
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event
Antonym
La Niña
216
EL NIN ˜ O (SOUTHERN OSCILLATION)