Wasserburg, 1979; O’Nions et al., 1979; Zindler and Hart,
1986). Constraining which fraction of the mantle corresponds to DM hence remains a considerable challenge.
The composition and relative proportion of DM, however, are key parameters for inferring Earth’s bulk composition, for assessing global geochemical cycles, and for
understanding the compositional evolution and differentiation of our planet and will thus continue to be a focus of
geoscience research.
Summary
The depleted mantle forms by partial melting of the upper
mantle at mid-ocean ridges and hot spots. Partial melting
“depletes” the residual mantle in incompatible elements
and preferentially incorporates them into the generated
melt. Hence mantle from which basaltic melt has been
extracted in one or multiple melting events is defined as
“depleted mantle.” The large-scale plate tectonic cycle of
mantle melting, ocean crust generation, and subsequent
subduction at convergent margins forms the backbone of
silicate Earth evolution. Knowledge of the composition
and mass fraction of the depleted mantle is therefore key
for assessing global geochemical cycles and for understanding the compositional evolution and differentiation
of our planet.
Bibliography
Allègre, C. J., Hart, S. R., and Minster, J. F., 1983. Chemical structure and evolution of the mantle and the continents determined
by inversion of Nd and Sr isotopic data. II. Numerical experiments and discussion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66,
191–213.
Arevalo, R., and McDonough, W. F., 2010. Chemical variations and
regional diversity observed in MORB. Chemical Geology, 271,
70–85.
Bebout, G. E., 2014. 4.20 – Chemical and isotopic cycling in subduction zones. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 703–747.
Bodinier, J. L., and Godard, M., 2014. 3.4 – Orogenic, ophiolitic,
and abyssal peridotites. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K.
(ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 103–167.
Boyet, M., and Carlson, R. W., 2006. A new geochemical model for
the Earth’s mantle inferred from
146 Sm142 Nd systematics. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 262, 505–516.
DePaolo, D. J., 1980. Crustal growth and mantle evolution: inferences from models of element transport and Nd and Sr isotopes.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1185–1196.
Dupré, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1983. Pb-Sr isotope variation in Indian
Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena. Nature, 303, 142–146.
Gale, A., Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., Su, Y., and Schilling
J.-G., (2013), The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, doi:10.1029/2012GC004334.
Hart, S. R., 1984. A large-scale isotope anomaly in the southernhemisphere mantle. Nature, 309, 753–757.
Hofmann, A. W., 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth – the
relationship between mantle, continental-crust, and oceaniccrust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 297–314.
Hofmann, A. W., 2014. 3.3 – Sampling mantle heterogeneity
through oceanic basalts: isotopes and trace elements. In
Turekian, H. D. H. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry,
2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 67–101.
Jacobsen, S. B., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1979. Mean age of mantle
and crustal reservoirs. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84,
7411–7427.
Jenner, F. E., and H. St. C. O’Neill (2012), Analysis of 60 elements
in 616 ocean floor basaltic glasses, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosyst., 13, Q02005, doi:10.1029/2011GC004009.
Johnson, K. T. M., Dick, H. J. B., and Shimizu, N., 1990. Melting in
the oceanic upper mantle – an ion microprobe study of diopsides
in abyssal peridotites. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95,
2661–2678.
O’Nions, R. K., Evensen, N. M., and Hamilton, P. J., 1979. Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6091–6101.
Palme, H., and O’Neill, H. S. C., 2014. 3.1 – Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K.
K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 1–39.
Plank, T., 2014. 4.17 – The chemical composition of subducting
sediments. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 607–629.
Rudnick, R. L., and Gao, S., 2014. 4.1 – Composition of the continental crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 1–51.
Ryan, J. G., and Chauvel, C., 2014. 3.13 – The subduction-zone filter and the impact of recycled materials on the evolution of the
mantle. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 479–508.
Salters, V. J. M., and A. Stracke (2004), Composition of the depleted
mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q05004, doi:10.1029/
2003GC000597.
Staudigel, H., 2014. 4.16 – Chemical fluxes from hydrothermal
alteration of the oceanic crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian,
K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 583–606.
Stracke, A., 2012. Earth’s heterogeneous mantle: a product of
convection-driven interaction between crust and mantle. Chemical Geology, 330–331, 274–299.
van Keken, P. E., Ballentine, C. J., and Hauri, E. H., 2014. 3.14 –
Convective mixing in the Earth’s mantle. In Holland, H. D.
and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn.
Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 509–525.
White, W. M., and Klein, E. M., 2014. 4.13 – Composition of the
oceanic crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 457–496.
Workman, R. K., and Hart, S. R., 2005. Major and trace element
composition of the depleted mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 231, 53–72.
Zindler, A., and Hart, S., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14, 493–571.
Cross-references
Active Continental Margins
Ancient Plate Tectonics
Gabbro
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
Intraoceanic Subduction Zone
Intraplate Magmatism
Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Magmatism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Oceanic Plateaus
Oceanic Rifts
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Ophiolites
Peridotites
184
DEPLETED MANTLE
1986). Constraining which fraction of the mantle corresponds to DM hence remains a considerable challenge.
The composition and relative proportion of DM, however, are key parameters for inferring Earth’s bulk composition, for assessing global geochemical cycles, and for
understanding the compositional evolution and differentiation of our planet and will thus continue to be a focus of
geoscience research.
Summary
The depleted mantle forms by partial melting of the upper
mantle at mid-ocean ridges and hot spots. Partial melting
“depletes” the residual mantle in incompatible elements
and preferentially incorporates them into the generated
melt. Hence mantle from which basaltic melt has been
extracted in one or multiple melting events is defined as
“depleted mantle.” The large-scale plate tectonic cycle of
mantle melting, ocean crust generation, and subsequent
subduction at convergent margins forms the backbone of
silicate Earth evolution. Knowledge of the composition
and mass fraction of the depleted mantle is therefore key
for assessing global geochemical cycles and for understanding the compositional evolution and differentiation
of our planet.
Bibliography
Allègre, C. J., Hart, S. R., and Minster, J. F., 1983. Chemical structure and evolution of the mantle and the continents determined
by inversion of Nd and Sr isotopic data. II. Numerical experiments and discussion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66,
191–213.
Arevalo, R., and McDonough, W. F., 2010. Chemical variations and
regional diversity observed in MORB. Chemical Geology, 271,
70–85.
Bebout, G. E., 2014. 4.20 – Chemical and isotopic cycling in subduction zones. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 703–747.
Bodinier, J. L., and Godard, M., 2014. 3.4 – Orogenic, ophiolitic,
and abyssal peridotites. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K.
(ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 103–167.
Boyet, M., and Carlson, R. W., 2006. A new geochemical model for
the Earth’s mantle inferred from
146 Sm142 Nd systematics. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 262, 505–516.
DePaolo, D. J., 1980. Crustal growth and mantle evolution: inferences from models of element transport and Nd and Sr isotopes.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1185–1196.
Dupré, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1983. Pb-Sr isotope variation in Indian
Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena. Nature, 303, 142–146.
Gale, A., Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., Su, Y., and Schilling
J.-G., (2013), The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, doi:10.1029/2012GC004334.
Hart, S. R., 1984. A large-scale isotope anomaly in the southernhemisphere mantle. Nature, 309, 753–757.
Hofmann, A. W., 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth – the
relationship between mantle, continental-crust, and oceaniccrust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 297–314.
Hofmann, A. W., 2014. 3.3 – Sampling mantle heterogeneity
through oceanic basalts: isotopes and trace elements. In
Turekian, H. D. H. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry,
2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 67–101.
Jacobsen, S. B., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1979. Mean age of mantle
and crustal reservoirs. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84,
7411–7427.
Jenner, F. E., and H. St. C. O’Neill (2012), Analysis of 60 elements
in 616 ocean floor basaltic glasses, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosyst., 13, Q02005, doi:10.1029/2011GC004009.
Johnson, K. T. M., Dick, H. J. B., and Shimizu, N., 1990. Melting in
the oceanic upper mantle – an ion microprobe study of diopsides
in abyssal peridotites. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95,
2661–2678.
O’Nions, R. K., Evensen, N. M., and Hamilton, P. J., 1979. Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6091–6101.
Palme, H., and O’Neill, H. S. C., 2014. 3.1 – Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K.
K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 1–39.
Plank, T., 2014. 4.17 – The chemical composition of subducting
sediments. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 607–629.
Rudnick, R. L., and Gao, S., 2014. 4.1 – Composition of the continental crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 1–51.
Ryan, J. G., and Chauvel, C., 2014. 3.13 – The subduction-zone filter and the impact of recycled materials on the evolution of the
mantle. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise
on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 479–508.
Salters, V. J. M., and A. Stracke (2004), Composition of the depleted
mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q05004, doi:10.1029/
2003GC000597.
Staudigel, H., 2014. 4.16 – Chemical fluxes from hydrothermal
alteration of the oceanic crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian,
K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier,
pp. 583–606.
Stracke, A., 2012. Earth’s heterogeneous mantle: a product of
convection-driven interaction between crust and mantle. Chemical Geology, 330–331, 274–299.
van Keken, P. E., Ballentine, C. J., and Hauri, E. H., 2014. 3.14 –
Convective mixing in the Earth’s mantle. In Holland, H. D.
and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn.
Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 509–525.
White, W. M., and Klein, E. M., 2014. 4.13 – Composition of the
oceanic crust. In Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 457–496.
Workman, R. K., and Hart, S. R., 2005. Major and trace element
composition of the depleted mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 231, 53–72.
Zindler, A., and Hart, S., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14, 493–571.
Cross-references
Active Continental Margins
Ancient Plate Tectonics
Gabbro
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
Intraoceanic Subduction Zone
Intraplate Magmatism
Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Magmatism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Oceanic Plateaus
Oceanic Rifts
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Ophiolites
Peridotites
184
DEPLETED MANTLE