IV. Retreating Shorelines
191
Perhaps the largest successful beach restoration project was undertaken along the
Eastern Coast of Belgium involving some 8 million m 3 (283 million cu.ft) of
material. The matter has been discussed by Kerckaert et al. (1982, 1985),
Charlier et al. (1987) and others (e.g. De Moor, 1979, 1980). The core of the
beach nourishment approach is discussed herewith (Roovers et al., 1981).
In Japan, several approaches have been tried. Thongh success is claimed hard ??
reports are not readily accessible in the literature.
The country suffered from serious beach erosion for decades. Kawakami,
Kumagai, Yamashita and Tanaka provided at Bordomer "95 three typical
examples of beach erosion and countermeasures. Effords to counter erosion has
centered on three methods : building detached breakwaters, artificial reefs and
headlands. Kaike beach, built of Hino River sediment, famous for its iron sands,
progressed 180 m (560 ft) in 30 years from 1868. Iron production declined from
1920 on, and beach erosion set in. Jetties, constructed in 1947 soon proved
unable to stem it, nor was a subsequent seawall. Installation of a detached
breakwater in 1971, led to formation of a tombolo behind it and beach erosion
stopped.
The Niigata coast has eroded since the 1890's ; a weather station constructed 100
m (328 ft) landward from the shoreline in 1928, collapsed in the water in 1949.
Major beach erosion causes are thought to be the construction of the breakwater
of Niigata harbor, the discharge into the Okouzu flood channel and ground
subsidence due to extraction of underground water to extract natural gas. A
seawall was then constructed, but beach restoration was only achieved by the
positioning of a detached breakwater. However, lately an artificial reef has been
installed (fig. 6a).
Kashima-nada is one of the longest sandy beaches in Japan. It has been eroded
due to the influence of breakwaters at Oarai and Kashima harbors. To counteract,
the so-ealled 'Headlands" method was applied. It consists in headlands dividing
a long beach into small pocket beaches, e.g. 1 km (0.62 mi) long and aims at
confining the littoral sand drift in a pocket beach.
191
Perhaps the largest successful beach restoration project was undertaken along the
Eastern Coast of Belgium involving some 8 million m 3 (283 million cu.ft) of
material. The matter has been discussed by Kerckaert et al. (1982, 1985),
Charlier et al. (1987) and others (e.g. De Moor, 1979, 1980). The core of the
beach nourishment approach is discussed herewith (Roovers et al., 1981).
In Japan, several approaches have been tried. Thongh success is claimed hard ??
reports are not readily accessible in the literature.
The country suffered from serious beach erosion for decades. Kawakami,
Kumagai, Yamashita and Tanaka provided at Bordomer "95 three typical
examples of beach erosion and countermeasures. Effords to counter erosion has
centered on three methods : building detached breakwaters, artificial reefs and
headlands. Kaike beach, built of Hino River sediment, famous for its iron sands,
progressed 180 m (560 ft) in 30 years from 1868. Iron production declined from
1920 on, and beach erosion set in. Jetties, constructed in 1947 soon proved
unable to stem it, nor was a subsequent seawall. Installation of a detached
breakwater in 1971, led to formation of a tombolo behind it and beach erosion
stopped.
The Niigata coast has eroded since the 1890's ; a weather station constructed 100
m (328 ft) landward from the shoreline in 1928, collapsed in the water in 1949.
Major beach erosion causes are thought to be the construction of the breakwater
of Niigata harbor, the discharge into the Okouzu flood channel and ground
subsidence due to extraction of underground water to extract natural gas. A
seawall was then constructed, but beach restoration was only achieved by the
positioning of a detached breakwater. However, lately an artificial reef has been
installed (fig. 6a).
Kashima-nada is one of the longest sandy beaches in Japan. It has been eroded
due to the influence of breakwaters at Oarai and Kashima harbors. To counteract,
the so-ealled 'Headlands" method was applied. It consists in headlands dividing
a long beach into small pocket beaches, e.g. 1 km (0.62 mi) long and aims at
confining the littoral sand drift in a pocket beach.