CHAPTER 19 • Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden
environmental policy. They are not followed by an Environmental Impact Statement but
are related to different laws. EIAs examine forms of impact and effects on soil, air, fresh
water, coastal waters, flora and fauna, recreation, infrastructure and natural recourses.
Environmental monitoring programs cover air quality, the terrestrial environment
fresh water, sea water and toxic organic pollutants. Three types of environmental monitoring are performed in Sweden: the National and Regional Monitoring Programme,
monitoring of receiving bodies of water and the control of discharges. The National
Monitoring Programme, NMP, aims at environmental changes to survey the state of
the environment. Similarly, the Regional Monitoring Programme meets regional needs.
The marine program under NMP includes hydrological, biological and toxicological
sub-programs. Environmental quality control in receiving bodies of water consists of
individual monitoring programs. To inspect these programs is the responsibility of the
county administrative board and the Swedish EPA. Control of discharged sewage water is managed by the county administrative board or the municipality (Ackefors and
Grip 1995; d. also SWEDMAR 1995).
19.5
Coastal Fisheries and Eutrophication:
Sustainable Management Issues
After one year of the SUCOZOMA program, a few perhaps small but important experimental steps have been taken to integrate the program and to find common denominators for its various activities. An attempt was made to identify the management of
the commons, as related to fisheries, as a unifying theoretical issue.
19.5.1
Coastal Fisheries 1
Sustainability has been stated as an explicit goal of fisheries management within the
EU. Most current approaches to sustain ability revolve around attempts to define and
subsequently police some form of "sustain ability limits". In European fisheries, the
maximum sustainable yield plays a central role in policy formulation. The lack of
progress towards sustainable development within fisheries testifies, however, that such
approaches may be inadequate. To understand non-sustainability in realist terms beyond the level of policy formulation involves identifying which mechanisms are significant in causing unsustainable events. Modernization is linked to the integration of
the industry within a regional and global food system in which processors and retailers exert an increasing, and often detrimental, influence on the practices of the harvesting sector. The treadmill effects of technological innovation is exacerbated by the
conditions of open access in which overcapitalization is a product of the race to fish.
Alienation amongst resource users is resulting from a sense of exclusion from policymaking processes and allows certain practices to be socially legitimated. Falling unit
values for the harvested resource are certainly an outcome of market globalization,
product substitution and low elasticity of demand (Drummond and Synes 1996).
1 The comments under this heading are owed to Erik Neuman, SUCOZOMA program.
environmental policy. They are not followed by an Environmental Impact Statement but
are related to different laws. EIAs examine forms of impact and effects on soil, air, fresh
water, coastal waters, flora and fauna, recreation, infrastructure and natural recourses.
Environmental monitoring programs cover air quality, the terrestrial environment
fresh water, sea water and toxic organic pollutants. Three types of environmental monitoring are performed in Sweden: the National and Regional Monitoring Programme,
monitoring of receiving bodies of water and the control of discharges. The National
Monitoring Programme, NMP, aims at environmental changes to survey the state of
the environment. Similarly, the Regional Monitoring Programme meets regional needs.
The marine program under NMP includes hydrological, biological and toxicological
sub-programs. Environmental quality control in receiving bodies of water consists of
individual monitoring programs. To inspect these programs is the responsibility of the
county administrative board and the Swedish EPA. Control of discharged sewage water is managed by the county administrative board or the municipality (Ackefors and
Grip 1995; d. also SWEDMAR 1995).
19.5
Coastal Fisheries and Eutrophication:
Sustainable Management Issues
After one year of the SUCOZOMA program, a few perhaps small but important experimental steps have been taken to integrate the program and to find common denominators for its various activities. An attempt was made to identify the management of
the commons, as related to fisheries, as a unifying theoretical issue.
19.5.1
Coastal Fisheries 1
Sustainability has been stated as an explicit goal of fisheries management within the
EU. Most current approaches to sustain ability revolve around attempts to define and
subsequently police some form of "sustain ability limits". In European fisheries, the
maximum sustainable yield plays a central role in policy formulation. The lack of
progress towards sustainable development within fisheries testifies, however, that such
approaches may be inadequate. To understand non-sustainability in realist terms beyond the level of policy formulation involves identifying which mechanisms are significant in causing unsustainable events. Modernization is linked to the integration of
the industry within a regional and global food system in which processors and retailers exert an increasing, and often detrimental, influence on the practices of the harvesting sector. The treadmill effects of technological innovation is exacerbated by the
conditions of open access in which overcapitalization is a product of the race to fish.
Alienation amongst resource users is resulting from a sense of exclusion from policymaking processes and allows certain practices to be socially legitimated. Falling unit
values for the harvested resource are certainly an outcome of market globalization,
product substitution and low elasticity of demand (Drummond and Synes 1996).
1 The comments under this heading are owed to Erik Neuman, SUCOZOMA program.