CHAPTER 19 • Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden
Regulatory instruments (OECD 1993b) include administrative, political and legal
approaches. Administrative approaches are the following. Agencies responsible for
coastal management are coordinated (linking national level departments or interdepartmental committees). Integrative mechanisms to cross sectoral boundaries at all
levels of government are promoted (environmental assessment, public participation
and education, collection of comparable information). A broad coastal policy and strategic planning are prepared at the national and regional government level, with detailed implementation taking place at the local level. Bargaining and other methods of
conflict resolution are adopted as appropriate, to supplement regulation setting.
Political and legal approaches include national governments to provide guidance
on standards setting, policy development and conflict resolution (rights of appeal, rights
of participation in impact assessment and decision-making processes), and to specify
clear r~sponsibilities and links between legislation and regulations. The latter covers
coastal resources, a clear definition of responsibilities for each level of government and
reviews of the functioning of coastal resource management systems (state of the environment reporting).
Economic instruments may create new markets for coastal resources by auctioning
sites, or by issuing discharge permits and transferable permits for resource use. A system of royalties, resource rentals and taxes may be established to use and extract resources and to occupy land and water space. The application of the Polluter-Pays-Principle may be promoted to regulate discharges into rivers, streams, lakes and coastal
waters. Resource pricing may be introduced to establish the real cost of resource use
and waste disposal.
In short: Integrated coastal management is an "overlay program": it does not replace
existing institutional arrangements but strengthens them. In most cases, this holds true.
It may, however, be desirable to create a new agency for full-scale, comprehensive programs, in the sense of a joint authority. As to where the authority be lodged or whether
a coordinating unit would be sufficient, there is no single answer. Most countries fit
their coastal program into the existing government structure where it causes the least
disruption, institutionally. This may be within an agency that has regulatory power,
already, such as the environmental ministry, natural resources or fisheries. Wherever
the ICZM office is located, it should be mandated, staffed and budgeted to accomplish
the following tasks:
• to coordinate coastal development and resource conservation in an inter-institutional
mode,
• to do environmental assessment and issue permits for all major coastal developments,
• to gain compliance of all sectors with coastal rules and decisions,
• to build a full-service ICZM operation (Clark 1996).
19.4.2
Coastal Regulations in Sweden
Sweden is administratively divided into municipalities. These are responsible for planning land and water use within their borders. They have their own administration including a planning and building department, an environment and public health de-
Regulatory instruments (OECD 1993b) include administrative, political and legal
approaches. Administrative approaches are the following. Agencies responsible for
coastal management are coordinated (linking national level departments or interdepartmental committees). Integrative mechanisms to cross sectoral boundaries at all
levels of government are promoted (environmental assessment, public participation
and education, collection of comparable information). A broad coastal policy and strategic planning are prepared at the national and regional government level, with detailed implementation taking place at the local level. Bargaining and other methods of
conflict resolution are adopted as appropriate, to supplement regulation setting.
Political and legal approaches include national governments to provide guidance
on standards setting, policy development and conflict resolution (rights of appeal, rights
of participation in impact assessment and decision-making processes), and to specify
clear r~sponsibilities and links between legislation and regulations. The latter covers
coastal resources, a clear definition of responsibilities for each level of government and
reviews of the functioning of coastal resource management systems (state of the environment reporting).
Economic instruments may create new markets for coastal resources by auctioning
sites, or by issuing discharge permits and transferable permits for resource use. A system of royalties, resource rentals and taxes may be established to use and extract resources and to occupy land and water space. The application of the Polluter-Pays-Principle may be promoted to regulate discharges into rivers, streams, lakes and coastal
waters. Resource pricing may be introduced to establish the real cost of resource use
and waste disposal.
In short: Integrated coastal management is an "overlay program": it does not replace
existing institutional arrangements but strengthens them. In most cases, this holds true.
It may, however, be desirable to create a new agency for full-scale, comprehensive programs, in the sense of a joint authority. As to where the authority be lodged or whether
a coordinating unit would be sufficient, there is no single answer. Most countries fit
their coastal program into the existing government structure where it causes the least
disruption, institutionally. This may be within an agency that has regulatory power,
already, such as the environmental ministry, natural resources or fisheries. Wherever
the ICZM office is located, it should be mandated, staffed and budgeted to accomplish
the following tasks:
• to coordinate coastal development and resource conservation in an inter-institutional
mode,
• to do environmental assessment and issue permits for all major coastal developments,
• to gain compliance of all sectors with coastal rules and decisions,
• to build a full-service ICZM operation (Clark 1996).
19.4.2
Coastal Regulations in Sweden
Sweden is administratively divided into municipalities. These are responsible for planning land and water use within their borders. They have their own administration including a planning and building department, an environment and public health de-