14
I
Production Activities
• Fishing
• RecreationlTourism
• Oil and Gas Production
• Marine Transport
• Waste Disposal
• National Defence
Fig. 1.1. Coastal management system
R.K. Turner . B.T. Bower
Analysis, formulation and
Evaluation of Management
Strategies and Selection of a
Strategy
i
Response Mechanisms
'------I.~
Perception of Problem
Limitation of Action
----Information flows
----Material flows
produce a mix of products and services from the available coastal resources. ICZM
involves continuous interaction between human systems and natural systems, among
human systems, and among natural systems, as these systems "coevolve" over time
(funer et al. 1997a). The management process must therefore be dynamic and adaptive in order to cppe with changing circumstances, changing social tastes, increased
knowledge of the behaviour of coastal processes and of human behaviour and "value"
of coastal ecosystems, as well as, changing technology, changing factor prices and
changing governmental policies (Ehler and Bower 1995; Turner and Bower 1995). The
coastal system to be managed is shown conceptually in Fig. 1.1.
Because the resources of a coastal zone can generate a range of different products
and-services, not all of which are naturally compatible, conflicts are likely and tradeoffs necessary. This situation is exacerbated by the variety of different stakeholders that
are usually present in any given coastal zone. Moreover, the coastal zone resource base
is now under severe pressure from the sheer "scale" of the resource demands that are
being generated. Parts of the coastal zone have become increasingly susceptible (more
vulnerable) to stress and shock and consequent environmental/economic damage by
climate and other natural geophysical factors, together with population, urbanisation,
waste generation and disposal pressures. This is exemplified by projections for
Chesapeake Bay (USA), indicating that the substantial expenditures over the last
10-15 years to improve water quality will be negated by uncontrolled growth in population and economic activity (Anonymous 1996). These pressures, the consequent
changes in the "state" of the coastal environment and human response options need to
be evaluated in a consistent and systematic fashion (Turner et al. 1996).
I
Production Activities
• Fishing
• RecreationlTourism
• Oil and Gas Production
• Marine Transport
• Waste Disposal
• National Defence
Fig. 1.1. Coastal management system
R.K. Turner . B.T. Bower
Analysis, formulation and
Evaluation of Management
Strategies and Selection of a
Strategy
i
Response Mechanisms
'------I.~
Perception of Problem
Limitation of Action
----Information flows
----Material flows
produce a mix of products and services from the available coastal resources. ICZM
involves continuous interaction between human systems and natural systems, among
human systems, and among natural systems, as these systems "coevolve" over time
(funer et al. 1997a). The management process must therefore be dynamic and adaptive in order to cppe with changing circumstances, changing social tastes, increased
knowledge of the behaviour of coastal processes and of human behaviour and "value"
of coastal ecosystems, as well as, changing technology, changing factor prices and
changing governmental policies (Ehler and Bower 1995; Turner and Bower 1995). The
coastal system to be managed is shown conceptually in Fig. 1.1.
Because the resources of a coastal zone can generate a range of different products
and-services, not all of which are naturally compatible, conflicts are likely and tradeoffs necessary. This situation is exacerbated by the variety of different stakeholders that
are usually present in any given coastal zone. Moreover, the coastal zone resource base
is now under severe pressure from the sheer "scale" of the resource demands that are
being generated. Parts of the coastal zone have become increasingly susceptible (more
vulnerable) to stress and shock and consequent environmental/economic damage by
climate and other natural geophysical factors, together with population, urbanisation,
waste generation and disposal pressures. This is exemplified by projections for
Chesapeake Bay (USA), indicating that the substantial expenditures over the last
10-15 years to improve water quality will be negated by uncontrolled growth in population and economic activity (Anonymous 1996). These pressures, the consequent
changes in the "state" of the coastal environment and human response options need to
be evaluated in a consistent and systematic fashion (Turner et al. 1996).