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N.Harvey
Some of the goals of integrated coastal zone management include: attaining sustainable development; reducing vulnerability from natural hazards; maintaining ecological processes and biological diversity; being multipurpose-oriented; analysing
implications of development, conflicting issues and the interrelations between physical processes and human activities; and, promoting linkages and harmonisation between sectoral coastal and ocean activities.
In a discussion of integrated coastal management Cicin-Sain (1993) refers to different dimensions of integration; among sectors (coastal/marine; coastal/marine and land
based); between land and water sides; among government levels; between nations; and,
among disciplines. In order to achieve true integration Cicin-Sain suggests it is necessary to have comprehensiveness, aggregation and consistency. In addition, Hollick and
Mitchell (1991) characterize integrated management according to five key components
of 'liystems, balance, strategic partnerships and jurisdiction.
The Great Barrier Reef example demonstrates many characteristics of the above
criteria of integrated coastal management. The foundation for this has been the Great
Barrier Marine Park Act (Commonwealth of Australia 1975) and the subsequent World
Heritage twenty five year strategic plan (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 1994). One of the prime areas of management (and indicators of integrated management) is the preparation of zoning plans for individual sections of the Great Barrier Reef which aim to balance the needs and aspirations of different user groups by
spatial separation of conflicting uses. For example, zoning of national parks reserves
and historic shipwreck areas are established to ensure that areas adjacent complement
their objectives. In addition, zoning plans are characterized by simplicity, minimal regulation of human activities (such as enabling research without placing unnecessary restrictions on other uses), maintaining consistency with other zoning plans, avoiding
sudden transitions between incompatible zones and basing zone boundaries on visible geographic features with single zones surrounding discrete areas.
These factors tend to fall within the realms of Hollick and Mitchell's (1991) partnership approach'(with conflict resolution mechanisms, stakeholder involvement and
identifying management objectives); their jurisdictional component (by defining the
area as a single system, or sub systems, notwithstanding jurisdictional boundaries),
their systems component (by addressing interactions between natural processes and
humans within a biophysical system) and their strategic approach (by evaluating and
prioritising key activities; and by providing flexibility). For example, adaptive management can be achieved via permit systems and special management areas which, by
enabling the use of part of a zone to be temporarily changed, aim to manage unforeseen changes in the condition of an area or unexpected activities.
A more specific example of the Hollick and Mitchell's (1991) jurisdictional component
(use of intergovernmental agreements and memoranda of understanding) is indicated by
the Emerald Agreement in 1979 which involved both the Commonwealth and the
Queensland Governments, and established a Great Barrier Reef Ministerial Council to
further coordinate policy (Commonwealth of Australia 1993b, p 11). Prior to this, both governments had different interpretations of their respective roles (Commonwealth of
Australia 1993b). The partnership component of integrated management is also important at this stage, whereby organisation and participation has been established on a cooperative basis with policies of pro-active public participation and facilitation of two way
information flows (Commonwealth of Australia l.993b). Sinillarly, all levels of government
N.Harvey
Some of the goals of integrated coastal zone management include: attaining sustainable development; reducing vulnerability from natural hazards; maintaining ecological processes and biological diversity; being multipurpose-oriented; analysing
implications of development, conflicting issues and the interrelations between physical processes and human activities; and, promoting linkages and harmonisation between sectoral coastal and ocean activities.
In a discussion of integrated coastal management Cicin-Sain (1993) refers to different dimensions of integration; among sectors (coastal/marine; coastal/marine and land
based); between land and water sides; among government levels; between nations; and,
among disciplines. In order to achieve true integration Cicin-Sain suggests it is necessary to have comprehensiveness, aggregation and consistency. In addition, Hollick and
Mitchell (1991) characterize integrated management according to five key components
of 'liystems, balance, strategic partnerships and jurisdiction.
The Great Barrier Reef example demonstrates many characteristics of the above
criteria of integrated coastal management. The foundation for this has been the Great
Barrier Marine Park Act (Commonwealth of Australia 1975) and the subsequent World
Heritage twenty five year strategic plan (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 1994). One of the prime areas of management (and indicators of integrated management) is the preparation of zoning plans for individual sections of the Great Barrier Reef which aim to balance the needs and aspirations of different user groups by
spatial separation of conflicting uses. For example, zoning of national parks reserves
and historic shipwreck areas are established to ensure that areas adjacent complement
their objectives. In addition, zoning plans are characterized by simplicity, minimal regulation of human activities (such as enabling research without placing unnecessary restrictions on other uses), maintaining consistency with other zoning plans, avoiding
sudden transitions between incompatible zones and basing zone boundaries on visible geographic features with single zones surrounding discrete areas.
These factors tend to fall within the realms of Hollick and Mitchell's (1991) partnership approach'(with conflict resolution mechanisms, stakeholder involvement and
identifying management objectives); their jurisdictional component (by defining the
area as a single system, or sub systems, notwithstanding jurisdictional boundaries),
their systems component (by addressing interactions between natural processes and
humans within a biophysical system) and their strategic approach (by evaluating and
prioritising key activities; and by providing flexibility). For example, adaptive management can be achieved via permit systems and special management areas which, by
enabling the use of part of a zone to be temporarily changed, aim to manage unforeseen changes in the condition of an area or unexpected activities.
A more specific example of the Hollick and Mitchell's (1991) jurisdictional component
(use of intergovernmental agreements and memoranda of understanding) is indicated by
the Emerald Agreement in 1979 which involved both the Commonwealth and the
Queensland Governments, and established a Great Barrier Reef Ministerial Council to
further coordinate policy (Commonwealth of Australia 1993b, p 11). Prior to this, both governments had different interpretations of their respective roles (Commonwealth of
Australia 1993b). The partnership component of integrated management is also important at this stage, whereby organisation and participation has been established on a cooperative basis with policies of pro-active public participation and facilitation of two way
information flows (Commonwealth of Australia l.993b). Sinillarly, all levels of government