E.C.M. Ruijgrok . P. Ve1linga
and to create fair chances for nature. Still the availability of an instrument is not sufficient to make the coevolution concept practically applicable. The establishment of
proper trade off frameworks comprising valuations, needs to be legalized. As long as
there are no legal obligations to apply trade off instruments, there will always be economic motives for not taking nature into account. Those who gain from damaging
nature, do not suffer the total amount of loss; the 'damage incidence' in on society as a
whole. Those who do pay for losses e.g. by compensation projects, will not receive the
full benefits, since others will be free riding at their expense. Not even highly advanced
trade off concepts or instruments will have any effect without proper institutional and
legal arrangements to ensure coercion. Without legalisation and institution building,
the authors expect a rebound to the conservation view, since there are instruments,
institutions and legal arrangements to apply these in practice. Simply protecting certaU). natural sites, isolated from economic activities, may then be the only way to save
some valuable common property.
References
Achterberg W (1994) Community, nature and sustainability. Gorcum van and Comp BY, Assen (in Dutch)
Amstel AR van(1988) Five views on nature. Free University, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Bucx THM, Jonkers J (1995) Leidraad Zandige Kust; Verslag van het symposium gehouden op 23 mei 1995.
Rijkswaterstaat, Dienst Wegen Waterbouwkunde, Delft (in Dutch)
Freeman R (1986) On assessing the state of the arts of the contingent valuation method of valuing environmental changes. In: Rowman, Allanheld (eds) Valuing environmental goods; an assessment of
the contingent valuation method. New Jersy
Ganley JA, Cubbin JS (1992) Public sector efficiency measurement. Elsevier Science Publishers BV,
Amsterdam
Groot RS de (1992) Functions of nature. Wolters Noordhoff, s.l.
Helmer W, Litjens G, Overmars W, Vellinga P, Ruijgrok E, Goosen H (1996) Growing with the sea. World
Wide Fund for Nature, Zeist
Hoevenagel R (1994) The contingent valuation method: scope and validity. Free University, Amsterdam
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1993) Preparing to meet the coastal challenges of
the 21st century; conference report. World Coast Conference, Noordwijk
LNV (1994) Structuutschema groene ruimte. kabinetsbeslissing, SDU, Den Haag (in Dutch)
Ruijgrok ECM, Vellinga, P, Goosen, H (1998) Dealing with nature. In: Ecological economics
Schwarz M, Thompson M (1990) Divided we stand. Harvester Wheatscheaf, New York
Serageldin I, Steer A (1994) Making development sustainable; from concepts to action. The World Bank,
Washington
Soontiens FJK (1993) Natuurfilosofie en milieu-ethiek. Boom, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Varian HR (1990) Intermediate microeconomics, 2nd edn. W. W. Norton & Company, New York
Vellinga P, Klein R (1993) Learning from the past: the Dutch way of dealing with water. In: Proceedings
of the IPCC? WCC'93 Western hemisphere workshop on integrated coastal zone management and
responses to climate change, International Pannel for Climate Change, New Orleans
Verbruggen H (1995), Global sustainable development, Free University, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Waterman RE (1990) Towards integrated coastal policy through building with nature. Meinema, Delft
(in Dutch)
Wurf R van der (1997) International climate change; Interests and perceptions. Amsterdam University
of Amsterdam, Department of Communication, Amsterdam
and to create fair chances for nature. Still the availability of an instrument is not sufficient to make the coevolution concept practically applicable. The establishment of
proper trade off frameworks comprising valuations, needs to be legalized. As long as
there are no legal obligations to apply trade off instruments, there will always be economic motives for not taking nature into account. Those who gain from damaging
nature, do not suffer the total amount of loss; the 'damage incidence' in on society as a
whole. Those who do pay for losses e.g. by compensation projects, will not receive the
full benefits, since others will be free riding at their expense. Not even highly advanced
trade off concepts or instruments will have any effect without proper institutional and
legal arrangements to ensure coercion. Without legalisation and institution building,
the authors expect a rebound to the conservation view, since there are instruments,
institutions and legal arrangements to apply these in practice. Simply protecting certaU). natural sites, isolated from economic activities, may then be the only way to save
some valuable common property.
References
Achterberg W (1994) Community, nature and sustainability. Gorcum van and Comp BY, Assen (in Dutch)
Amstel AR van(1988) Five views on nature. Free University, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Bucx THM, Jonkers J (1995) Leidraad Zandige Kust; Verslag van het symposium gehouden op 23 mei 1995.
Rijkswaterstaat, Dienst Wegen Waterbouwkunde, Delft (in Dutch)
Freeman R (1986) On assessing the state of the arts of the contingent valuation method of valuing environmental changes. In: Rowman, Allanheld (eds) Valuing environmental goods; an assessment of
the contingent valuation method. New Jersy
Ganley JA, Cubbin JS (1992) Public sector efficiency measurement. Elsevier Science Publishers BV,
Amsterdam
Groot RS de (1992) Functions of nature. Wolters Noordhoff, s.l.
Helmer W, Litjens G, Overmars W, Vellinga P, Ruijgrok E, Goosen H (1996) Growing with the sea. World
Wide Fund for Nature, Zeist
Hoevenagel R (1994) The contingent valuation method: scope and validity. Free University, Amsterdam
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1993) Preparing to meet the coastal challenges of
the 21st century; conference report. World Coast Conference, Noordwijk
LNV (1994) Structuutschema groene ruimte. kabinetsbeslissing, SDU, Den Haag (in Dutch)
Ruijgrok ECM, Vellinga, P, Goosen, H (1998) Dealing with nature. In: Ecological economics
Schwarz M, Thompson M (1990) Divided we stand. Harvester Wheatscheaf, New York
Serageldin I, Steer A (1994) Making development sustainable; from concepts to action. The World Bank,
Washington
Soontiens FJK (1993) Natuurfilosofie en milieu-ethiek. Boom, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Varian HR (1990) Intermediate microeconomics, 2nd edn. W. W. Norton & Company, New York
Vellinga P, Klein R (1993) Learning from the past: the Dutch way of dealing with water. In: Proceedings
of the IPCC? WCC'93 Western hemisphere workshop on integrated coastal zone management and
responses to climate change, International Pannel for Climate Change, New Orleans
Verbruggen H (1995), Global sustainable development, Free University, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
Waterman RE (1990) Towards integrated coastal policy through building with nature. Meinema, Delft
(in Dutch)
Wurf R van der (1997) International climate change; Interests and perceptions. Amsterdam University
of Amsterdam, Department of Communication, Amsterdam