1. Assessing the factors that are affecting the dune systems, and in particular,
understanding the evolutionary state of each dune system.
2. Eliminating or reducing factors of tension.
3. Creating the landforms or the conditions necessary for natural landform creation where they have been eliminated or truncated.
4. Allowing these new or modified landforms to function as natural dunes by
allowing them (or some portions) to be dynamic, but also to evolve and change
over time.
5. Eliminating exotics or invasive species.
6. Favoring dune and vegetation evolution through time by following adaptive
management strategies.
7. Last but not least important, convincing society to accept coastal dunes, with
their natural dynamism, as a natural, and very important feature of the coast.
Finally, the ever-increasing human population (especially at the coast) (Martínez
et al. 2007), and human-related environmental changes, such as climate change and
potential sea level rise, coupled with possible increased storminess, will add more
stress to the world’s coastal beaches and dunes. Humans and natural ecosystems will
be increasingly affected by these changes. More than ever, humans will benefit from
the protection gained from the natural functioning of coastal dunes. Restoration of
these ecosystems will thus become increasingly important as human impact (direct
and indirect) destroys or disrupts them. Further research on the dynamics and
functionality of coastal dunes and how ecosystem services such as protection are
related will become increasingly relevant, and restoration and conservation will
likely become more necessary on an increasingly crowded planet.
Acknowledgments We are very grateful to all the authors of the chapters in this book who
kindly contributed their chapters and shared their restoration experiences. We are also very
grateful to Lawrence R. Walker for his insightful comments made to earlier versions of this
chapter.
References
Acosta ATR, Jucker T, Prisco I, Santoro R (2012) Passive recovery of Mediterranean coastal
dunes following limitations to human trampling. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB,
Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 7, this volume
Arens SM, Geelen LHWT (2006) Dune landscape rejuvenation by intended destabilisation in the
Amsterdam water supply dunes. J Coastal Res 23:1094–1107
Arens SM, Slings Q, de Vries CN (2004) Mobility of a remobilised parabolic dune in
Kennemerland, The Netherlands. Geomorphology 59:175–188
Arens SM, Slings QL, Geelen LHWT, van der Hagen HGJM (2012) Restoration of dune mobility
in the Netherlands. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of
coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 7, this volume
Bezzi A, Fontolan G, Nordstrom KF, Carrer D, Jackson NL (2009) Beach nourishment and
foredune restoration: practices and constraints along the Venetian shoreline Italy. J Coastal
Res 56:287–291
336
M. L. Martínez et al.
understanding the evolutionary state of each dune system.
2. Eliminating or reducing factors of tension.
3. Creating the landforms or the conditions necessary for natural landform creation where they have been eliminated or truncated.
4. Allowing these new or modified landforms to function as natural dunes by
allowing them (or some portions) to be dynamic, but also to evolve and change
over time.
5. Eliminating exotics or invasive species.
6. Favoring dune and vegetation evolution through time by following adaptive
management strategies.
7. Last but not least important, convincing society to accept coastal dunes, with
their natural dynamism, as a natural, and very important feature of the coast.
Finally, the ever-increasing human population (especially at the coast) (Martínez
et al. 2007), and human-related environmental changes, such as climate change and
potential sea level rise, coupled with possible increased storminess, will add more
stress to the world’s coastal beaches and dunes. Humans and natural ecosystems will
be increasingly affected by these changes. More than ever, humans will benefit from
the protection gained from the natural functioning of coastal dunes. Restoration of
these ecosystems will thus become increasingly important as human impact (direct
and indirect) destroys or disrupts them. Further research on the dynamics and
functionality of coastal dunes and how ecosystem services such as protection are
related will become increasingly relevant, and restoration and conservation will
likely become more necessary on an increasingly crowded planet.
Acknowledgments We are very grateful to all the authors of the chapters in this book who
kindly contributed their chapters and shared their restoration experiences. We are also very
grateful to Lawrence R. Walker for his insightful comments made to earlier versions of this
chapter.
References
Acosta ATR, Jucker T, Prisco I, Santoro R (2012) Passive recovery of Mediterranean coastal
dunes following limitations to human trampling. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB,
Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 7, this volume
Arens SM, Geelen LHWT (2006) Dune landscape rejuvenation by intended destabilisation in the
Amsterdam water supply dunes. J Coastal Res 23:1094–1107
Arens SM, Slings Q, de Vries CN (2004) Mobility of a remobilised parabolic dune in
Kennemerland, The Netherlands. Geomorphology 59:175–188
Arens SM, Slings QL, Geelen LHWT, van der Hagen HGJM (2012) Restoration of dune mobility
in the Netherlands. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of
coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 7, this volume
Bezzi A, Fontolan G, Nordstrom KF, Carrer D, Jackson NL (2009) Beach nourishment and
foredune restoration: practices and constraints along the Venetian shoreline Italy. J Coastal
Res 56:287–291
336
M. L. Martínez et al.