activity (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3,
this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Acosta et al., Chap. 12, this
volume; Wilcock and Carter 1977; Nordstrom et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2003; Hesp
2002, 2011). As a consequence, the goals of foredune restoration are equally diverse
and include beach nourishment; the recovery of morpho-ecological states; the
recovery of sediment dynamics; the restoration of natural vegetation and endemic
species; and the creation of habitat refugia. Frequently, however, foredunes are
restored for the protection of human infrastructure, recreation, and aesthetic values
(Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Vestergaard, Chap. 4, this volume;
Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume; Peterson et al. 2000; López and Marcomini 2006;
Nordstrom et al. 2000; Muñoz-Pérez et al. 2001). In general, the actions required to
guarantee an adequate sediment supply to reach the location of pioneer of vegetation, accumulate, and help create the natural topographic features of fordunes.
(Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Webb et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2003).
The activities required to achieve these goals are very different, and range from
‘‘soft’’ measures, such as the modification of aeolian processes and sediment
dynamics by using sand fences and/or vegetation planting (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Nordstrom
et al. 2002) as well as eliminating exotics by hand (Pickart, Chap. 10, this volume),
through more intense methods, such as the eradication of exotics by means of
herbicides (Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume;
Hilton et al. 2009), to ‘‘hard’’ methods, which include the use of geotubes to
strengthen the foredune foundation and utilizing earth-moving equipment to
restore/rebuild/build the foredunes (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume;
Vestergaard, Chap. 4, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin,
Chap. 6, this volume; Jones et al. 2010). In addition, the negative impact of human
actions also needs to be managed by means of controlling access to the beaches
and avoid human trampling (Acosta et al. Chap. 12; Kutiel, Chap. 11; Hesp et al.
2010; Pye and Neal 1994), restricting beach raking that eliminates plants and
propagules, and limiting driving on beaches and dunes (Kutiel, Chap. 11, this
volume).
It is important to bear in mind that commonly, the restoration of the morphology and vegetation on foredunes may take 10 years or more and that, because
of the dynamic nature of these systems, restoration may in fact need to be a
recurrent action (Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap.
5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume). Repeated beach nourishment is
perhaps inevitable in the case of a sand-deficient environment, such as eroding
shorelines (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira,
Chap. 3, this volume; Muñoz-Pérez et al. 2001; Bezzi et al. 2009; González et al.
2009).
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M. L. Martínez et al.
this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Acosta et al., Chap. 12, this
volume; Wilcock and Carter 1977; Nordstrom et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2003; Hesp
2002, 2011). As a consequence, the goals of foredune restoration are equally diverse
and include beach nourishment; the recovery of morpho-ecological states; the
recovery of sediment dynamics; the restoration of natural vegetation and endemic
species; and the creation of habitat refugia. Frequently, however, foredunes are
restored for the protection of human infrastructure, recreation, and aesthetic values
(Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Vestergaard, Chap. 4, this volume;
Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume; Peterson et al. 2000; López and Marcomini 2006;
Nordstrom et al. 2000; Muñoz-Pérez et al. 2001). In general, the actions required to
guarantee an adequate sediment supply to reach the location of pioneer of vegetation, accumulate, and help create the natural topographic features of fordunes.
(Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Webb et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2003).
The activities required to achieve these goals are very different, and range from
‘‘soft’’ measures, such as the modification of aeolian processes and sediment
dynamics by using sand fences and/or vegetation planting (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Nordstrom
et al. 2002) as well as eliminating exotics by hand (Pickart, Chap. 10, this volume),
through more intense methods, such as the eradication of exotics by means of
herbicides (Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume;
Hilton et al. 2009), to ‘‘hard’’ methods, which include the use of geotubes to
strengthen the foredune foundation and utilizing earth-moving equipment to
restore/rebuild/build the foredunes (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume;
Vestergaard, Chap. 4, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin,
Chap. 6, this volume; Jones et al. 2010). In addition, the negative impact of human
actions also needs to be managed by means of controlling access to the beaches
and avoid human trampling (Acosta et al. Chap. 12; Kutiel, Chap. 11; Hesp et al.
2010; Pye and Neal 1994), restricting beach raking that eliminates plants and
propagules, and limiting driving on beaches and dunes (Kutiel, Chap. 11, this
volume).
It is important to bear in mind that commonly, the restoration of the morphology and vegetation on foredunes may take 10 years or more and that, because
of the dynamic nature of these systems, restoration may in fact need to be a
recurrent action (Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap.
5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume). Repeated beach nourishment is
perhaps inevitable in the case of a sand-deficient environment, such as eroding
shorelines (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira,
Chap. 3, this volume; Muñoz-Pérez et al. 2001; Bezzi et al. 2009; González et al.
2009).
328
M. L. Martínez et al.