In the final local relief model, the first two walls were highlighted but the third
one, being shorter and narrower, could not be highlighted as well as the first two by
applying the 15 m kernel filter.
This complex process of generating a LRM actually leads to the creation of a
“flat terrain” because the values show the difference between the calculated DTM
altitude and the real value of the initial DTM.
A few advantages of using a local relief model are: the final or improved LRM is
relatively simple to calculate and implement, the topographic parameters can be
visualized as well as the linear, circular, rectangular, convex and concave, the local
relief model is independent of brightness, some very fine characteristics that differ
only by 0.1–0.2 m compared to the surrounding area can be detected, the LRM
provides means of determining perimeters, areas, volumes and shapes related to the
surrounding area.
At the end, GIS facilitates mapping to analyze depositional patterns as well as
catalog and quantify artifacts. It can provide a well-structured descriptive and
analytical tool for identifying spatial patterns.
37.4 Conclusion
Through this study case, it has been shown the benefits of using LiDAR technology
in archaeological investigations by generating DTM, DSM, LRM and analyzing the
results.
The main advantage of this technique is the full automation of the acquisition
process, storage and processing of data based on specialized programs, finally
leading to a set of geographic spatial information, as the possibility of laser beam
to penetrate the vegetation up off the ground, essential feature for the activity of
archeology.
The particularities of relief, printed through altitude, favor the development of
different sub-areas, therefore different analyzes using combined techniques (DTM,
DSM and LRM’s generation) can be made.
The aerial images also provide a range of advantages in archaeological investigation: high resolution, georeferencing in national projection system (Stereographic 1970) and the possibility of multiple analyses using GIS programs.
References
Baltavias E (1999) Airborne laser scanning: existing systems and firms and other resources. ISPRS
J Photogramm Remote Sens 54:164
Bofinger J, Hesse R (2011) As far as the laser can reach. . . Laminar analysis of LiDAR detected
structures as a powerful instrument for archaeological heritage management in BadenWürttemberg, Germany. In: Cowley (ed) Remote sensing for archaeological heritage management. EAC Occasional Paper No. 5, pp 163–173
37 The Potential of Airborne LiDAR for Detection of New Archaeological Site. . .
629
one, being shorter and narrower, could not be highlighted as well as the first two by
applying the 15 m kernel filter.
This complex process of generating a LRM actually leads to the creation of a
“flat terrain” because the values show the difference between the calculated DTM
altitude and the real value of the initial DTM.
A few advantages of using a local relief model are: the final or improved LRM is
relatively simple to calculate and implement, the topographic parameters can be
visualized as well as the linear, circular, rectangular, convex and concave, the local
relief model is independent of brightness, some very fine characteristics that differ
only by 0.1–0.2 m compared to the surrounding area can be detected, the LRM
provides means of determining perimeters, areas, volumes and shapes related to the
surrounding area.
At the end, GIS facilitates mapping to analyze depositional patterns as well as
catalog and quantify artifacts. It can provide a well-structured descriptive and
analytical tool for identifying spatial patterns.
37.4 Conclusion
Through this study case, it has been shown the benefits of using LiDAR technology
in archaeological investigations by generating DTM, DSM, LRM and analyzing the
results.
The main advantage of this technique is the full automation of the acquisition
process, storage and processing of data based on specialized programs, finally
leading to a set of geographic spatial information, as the possibility of laser beam
to penetrate the vegetation up off the ground, essential feature for the activity of
archeology.
The particularities of relief, printed through altitude, favor the development of
different sub-areas, therefore different analyzes using combined techniques (DTM,
DSM and LRM’s generation) can be made.
The aerial images also provide a range of advantages in archaeological investigation: high resolution, georeferencing in national projection system (Stereographic 1970) and the possibility of multiple analyses using GIS programs.
References
Baltavias E (1999) Airborne laser scanning: existing systems and firms and other resources. ISPRS
J Photogramm Remote Sens 54:164
Bofinger J, Hesse R (2011) As far as the laser can reach. . . Laminar analysis of LiDAR detected
structures as a powerful instrument for archaeological heritage management in BadenWürttemberg, Germany. In: Cowley (ed) Remote sensing for archaeological heritage management. EAC Occasional Paper No. 5, pp 163–173
37 The Potential of Airborne LiDAR for Detection of New Archaeological Site. . .
629