generalization of these mechanisms dedicated to a number of studies (Vedernikov
and Demidov 2002; Vinogradov et al. 1992; North-western part of the Black Sea
2006; Demidov 2008; Mikaelyan et al. 2013). In these studies mainly structural and
functional parameters (concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll “a”, phytoplankton
and zooplankton biomass, primary production), were used which allowed to establish their interannual and spatial variability. However, despite the large amount of
the research and a huge amount of information available on the international
database, its fragmentary and unsystematic character does not allow to understand
the mechanism of the changes. The main problem is to separate the influence of
natural (climatic) and anthropogenic factors on the production characteristics of the
ecosystem. From this point of view it is very difficult to interpret the changes in the
chemical and biological structure in the deep waters of the Black Sea region. Now,
the possibility of approaches based on the study of spatial and temporal variability
of the “static” parameters (concentration of biogenic elements, chlorophyll “a”,
biomass) to solve these problems is practically exhausted. At the present stage of
research problems, associated with the study of the intensity of “exchange” processes between the individual components of the ecosystem, in time and specific
environmental conditions, realized through fluxes of energy and matter are very
important. Integrated reflection of these fluxes are the fluxes rates of the major
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in freshwater and marine water bodies (Sorokin
1985; Benitez-Nelson 2000; Parkhomenko et al. 2003; Gregoire and Beckers 2004;
Parkhomenko 2005, 2007; McCarthy et al. 2007; Krivenko and Parkhomenko 2015;
Parkhomenko and Kukushkin 2015).
The main fluxes that provide cycle of phosphorus in marine ecosystems are on
the one hand, its income in photic layer with deep waters due to hydro-physical
processes (upward phosphorus flux), flux with the river runoff and precipitation, as
well as its entry into the process of mineralization of suspended organic substance
by heterotrophic organisms (regeneration of phosphorus flux). On the other hand,
the flux of phosphorus uptake by phytoplankton and bacteria and its sediment
removal from photosynthetic zone.
According to modern concepts, structure and production characteristics of
phytoplankton community depends not only on the flux rates of input of nutrients,
but also on the source of income. Accordingly, the primary production is divided
into two components: the “new” and regeneration (Dugdale and Goering 1967;
Eppley and Peterson 1979). The “new” products, synthesized due to external (to the
community) fluxes of nutrients, determines the growth of biomass of phytoplankton
and can be transferred to higher trophic levels. To fluxes, providing a “new”
primary production in the open part of the Black Sea the upward flux of phosphorus,
and its supply with river runoff and precipitation is included. This is the difference
the “new” primary production from regeneration, which is provided by biogenic
elements formed in the process of mineralization of suspended organic matter by
heterotrophic organisms.
Using the biogeochemical approach for studying the mechanisms of biosynthesis of primary production formation and functioning of the plankton community is
particularly relevant. Since the estimation monthly and annual functional indexes of
338
A.V. Parkhomenko
and Demidov 2002; Vinogradov et al. 1992; North-western part of the Black Sea
2006; Demidov 2008; Mikaelyan et al. 2013). In these studies mainly structural and
functional parameters (concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll “a”, phytoplankton
and zooplankton biomass, primary production), were used which allowed to establish their interannual and spatial variability. However, despite the large amount of
the research and a huge amount of information available on the international
database, its fragmentary and unsystematic character does not allow to understand
the mechanism of the changes. The main problem is to separate the influence of
natural (climatic) and anthropogenic factors on the production characteristics of the
ecosystem. From this point of view it is very difficult to interpret the changes in the
chemical and biological structure in the deep waters of the Black Sea region. Now,
the possibility of approaches based on the study of spatial and temporal variability
of the “static” parameters (concentration of biogenic elements, chlorophyll “a”,
biomass) to solve these problems is practically exhausted. At the present stage of
research problems, associated with the study of the intensity of “exchange” processes between the individual components of the ecosystem, in time and specific
environmental conditions, realized through fluxes of energy and matter are very
important. Integrated reflection of these fluxes are the fluxes rates of the major
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in freshwater and marine water bodies (Sorokin
1985; Benitez-Nelson 2000; Parkhomenko et al. 2003; Gregoire and Beckers 2004;
Parkhomenko 2005, 2007; McCarthy et al. 2007; Krivenko and Parkhomenko 2015;
Parkhomenko and Kukushkin 2015).
The main fluxes that provide cycle of phosphorus in marine ecosystems are on
the one hand, its income in photic layer with deep waters due to hydro-physical
processes (upward phosphorus flux), flux with the river runoff and precipitation, as
well as its entry into the process of mineralization of suspended organic substance
by heterotrophic organisms (regeneration of phosphorus flux). On the other hand,
the flux of phosphorus uptake by phytoplankton and bacteria and its sediment
removal from photosynthetic zone.
According to modern concepts, structure and production characteristics of
phytoplankton community depends not only on the flux rates of input of nutrients,
but also on the source of income. Accordingly, the primary production is divided
into two components: the “new” and regeneration (Dugdale and Goering 1967;
Eppley and Peterson 1979). The “new” products, synthesized due to external (to the
community) fluxes of nutrients, determines the growth of biomass of phytoplankton
and can be transferred to higher trophic levels. To fluxes, providing a “new”
primary production in the open part of the Black Sea the upward flux of phosphorus,
and its supply with river runoff and precipitation is included. This is the difference
the “new” primary production from regeneration, which is provided by biogenic
elements formed in the process of mineralization of suspended organic matter by
heterotrophic organisms.
Using the biogeochemical approach for studying the mechanisms of biosynthesis of primary production formation and functioning of the plankton community is
particularly relevant. Since the estimation monthly and annual functional indexes of
338
A.V. Parkhomenko