40
3 Status: Basics of ICZM
Fig. 3.2 After the closure of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, in 1986 different demands have to
be considered in management, that is protection against high water, nature conservation and leisure
shipping. c
Frank Ahlhorn
associated with the operationalization of the above-mentioned principles. The focus is laid
on the coastal management programs in the USA and the developments of ICZM in the EU.
3.3.1 Reflection on the Coastal Zone Management Act Guidelines
Five years after the CZM Act had passed the Congress the first assessment of the CZM
efforts in the USA was conducted. Caused by a missing assessment scheme NOAA (1979)
1
discussed whether “the Act was intended primarily to foster the development of a management process which itself represents the main achievement to be measured or whether
the substantive outcomes resulting from these procedures are the measure of accomplishments” (NOAA, 1979, p. 9). On the one hand, in some coastal states of the USA legislation
and regulation for the coastal zone already existed. On the other hand, there was a great
variety in the coasts of the States regarding planning procedures, the natural environment
or the pressures of concern. The attempt of developing an assessment scheme according
to the national CZM program highlighted the problem of non-uniform state CZM programs. The CZMA set the frame for the development of State CZM programs; however,
it was neither intended to generate a uniform process nor a template for these. In NOAA
(1979) the assessment on procedural and substantive results of the state CZM programs
was described.
1 At that time Robert W. Knecht was the Assistant Administrator for Coastal Zone Management at
NOAA.
3 Status: Basics of ICZM
Fig. 3.2 After the closure of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, in 1986 different demands have to
be considered in management, that is protection against high water, nature conservation and leisure
shipping. c
Frank Ahlhorn
associated with the operationalization of the above-mentioned principles. The focus is laid
on the coastal management programs in the USA and the developments of ICZM in the EU.
3.3.1 Reflection on the Coastal Zone Management Act Guidelines
Five years after the CZM Act had passed the Congress the first assessment of the CZM
efforts in the USA was conducted. Caused by a missing assessment scheme NOAA (1979)
1
discussed whether “the Act was intended primarily to foster the development of a management process which itself represents the main achievement to be measured or whether
the substantive outcomes resulting from these procedures are the measure of accomplishments” (NOAA, 1979, p. 9). On the one hand, in some coastal states of the USA legislation
and regulation for the coastal zone already existed. On the other hand, there was a great
variety in the coasts of the States regarding planning procedures, the natural environment
or the pressures of concern. The attempt of developing an assessment scheme according
to the national CZM program highlighted the problem of non-uniform state CZM programs. The CZMA set the frame for the development of State CZM programs; however,
it was neither intended to generate a uniform process nor a template for these. In NOAA
(1979) the assessment on procedural and substantive results of the state CZM programs
was described.
1 At that time Robert W. Knecht was the Assistant Administrator for Coastal Zone Management at
NOAA.