16
2 Historical Annotations
The core point of the CZMA is that the states are recognized as the key player for the
development and implementation of CZM programs. Through the CZMA the federal government provides funding for the development of state CZM programs. By the federal
consistency doctrine it should be assured that federally permitted activities are consistent
with the approved state CZM programs.
Based on the CZMA a federal office was established that oversaw the development and
implementation of state CZM programs. According to the CZMA the federal office was
responsible for the supervision of the federal funds, to provide support for the development
of state CZM programs and to ensure that the states administer their programs as approved.
The state CZM programs have to be reviewed and approved by the secretary of the federal
agency and, furthermore, to stimulate innovation states could use a certain amount of
federal grants for significant improvements as determined by the federal office (Archer
and Knecht, 1987).
2.1.2 Port Phillip Bay (Australia)
More or less at the same time on the other side of the earth, in Australia, the Port Phillip Bay Authority started an investigation on the Bay development in 1966. At the Port
Phillip Bay the city of Melbourne with approximately 3.7 million inhabitants is located.
The catchment area is of approx. 10,000 km 2 (VCC, 2014). The main trigger to conduct
the first environmental study between 1968 and 1971 was the reduction of pollution problems either by diffuse or by point sources (NRE, 2002). On the other hand, the shorelines
around Port Phillip Bay experienced erosional trends. Alongside the Bay recreational facilities were allowed to be established and, though, ought to be protected by hard structures
such as groynes and sea walls (Gourlay, 1996). In the middle of the 1970s the protection
of the foreshore was complemented by sand nourishment. Nevertheless, one of the major
problems was the pollution of the Bay by nitrogen and contaminant load from the sewage
treatment plants in the catchment area. The upgrade of the sewage treatment plants and
the approach of continuous improvement of processes in the Australian economy showed
success and improved the ecological status of the Bay.
This process held until the 1990s when the second comprehensive study was started –
the Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study. It was conducted by the CSIRO and was finished in 1996.
2 The results and recommendations of this study became a relevant part of
the ongoing management of the Port Phillip Bay (see NRE, 2002). Consequentially, the
following environmental risks have been identified for the Port Phillip Bay: deterioration
of waters, presence of litter, exotic marine organism, physical disturbance of habitats and
harvesting activities.
The Port Phillip Bay Authority, established in 1966, consisted of representatives of
government agencies and community groups (Gourlay, 1996). The Bay Authority “had
2 csiropedia.csiro.au/port-phillip-bay-environmental-study/
2 Historical Annotations
The core point of the CZMA is that the states are recognized as the key player for the
development and implementation of CZM programs. Through the CZMA the federal government provides funding for the development of state CZM programs. By the federal
consistency doctrine it should be assured that federally permitted activities are consistent
with the approved state CZM programs.
Based on the CZMA a federal office was established that oversaw the development and
implementation of state CZM programs. According to the CZMA the federal office was
responsible for the supervision of the federal funds, to provide support for the development
of state CZM programs and to ensure that the states administer their programs as approved.
The state CZM programs have to be reviewed and approved by the secretary of the federal
agency and, furthermore, to stimulate innovation states could use a certain amount of
federal grants for significant improvements as determined by the federal office (Archer
and Knecht, 1987).
2.1.2 Port Phillip Bay (Australia)
More or less at the same time on the other side of the earth, in Australia, the Port Phillip Bay Authority started an investigation on the Bay development in 1966. At the Port
Phillip Bay the city of Melbourne with approximately 3.7 million inhabitants is located.
The catchment area is of approx. 10,000 km 2 (VCC, 2014). The main trigger to conduct
the first environmental study between 1968 and 1971 was the reduction of pollution problems either by diffuse or by point sources (NRE, 2002). On the other hand, the shorelines
around Port Phillip Bay experienced erosional trends. Alongside the Bay recreational facilities were allowed to be established and, though, ought to be protected by hard structures
such as groynes and sea walls (Gourlay, 1996). In the middle of the 1970s the protection
of the foreshore was complemented by sand nourishment. Nevertheless, one of the major
problems was the pollution of the Bay by nitrogen and contaminant load from the sewage
treatment plants in the catchment area. The upgrade of the sewage treatment plants and
the approach of continuous improvement of processes in the Australian economy showed
success and improved the ecological status of the Bay.
This process held until the 1990s when the second comprehensive study was started –
the Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study. It was conducted by the CSIRO and was finished in 1996.
2 The results and recommendations of this study became a relevant part of
the ongoing management of the Port Phillip Bay (see NRE, 2002). Consequentially, the
following environmental risks have been identified for the Port Phillip Bay: deterioration
of waters, presence of litter, exotic marine organism, physical disturbance of habitats and
harvesting activities.
The Port Phillip Bay Authority, established in 1966, consisted of representatives of
government agencies and community groups (Gourlay, 1996). The Bay Authority “had
2 csiropedia.csiro.au/port-phillip-bay-environmental-study/