Historical Annotations
2
2.1 Encircling the Beginning: Where (I)CZM Started
Despite the fact that the use and to some extent the “management” of the coastal zone started long time ago it is not easy to set a starting point for the beginning of integrated coastal
zone management. For example, in the late nineteenth century in Northern Germany civil
engineers started to draw plans for the straightening and deepening of river channels – see
Franzius (1888/1991). Many years before, men started to build dikes and to reclaim land
from the sea and rivers to enhance the territory of emperors and simultaneously the fertile
area to be used by peasants (Kramer and Rohde, 1992; van de Ven, 1993).
In these times men admire the capability and ability of human kind to conquer nature.
Principally, only the benefits of these new developments were seen and acknowledged.
Although, in the late nineteenth century critical voices exist that pinpoint on controversial
effects – see Blackbourn (2006). One can also find evidence for critical voices against the
typical proceeding of protecting sandy islands in Northern Germany by the implementation
of hard measurements, for example, Bartels (1881). Especially, the notion of technical
dominion of natural processes was questioned. This aimed at trying to take further aspects
into account. At any time the reason to get active was to adapt or develop the natural
environment to the purpose of human kind. If negative effects did occur or were detected
they were mainly answered by sectoral measurements (see Chap. 3).
2.1.1 San Francisco Bay (USA)
The earliest efforts in ICZM dated back to the 1960s in the USA and Australia (Sorensen,
1993). The San Francisco Bay suffered increasing siltation. This led to a reduction of the
size of the bay by one-third and destroyed approximately 90 % of tidal marshes. In 1961 a
c
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018
13
F. Ahlhorn, Integrated Coastal Zone Management,
Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-17052-3_2
2
2.1 Encircling the Beginning: Where (I)CZM Started
Despite the fact that the use and to some extent the “management” of the coastal zone started long time ago it is not easy to set a starting point for the beginning of integrated coastal
zone management. For example, in the late nineteenth century in Northern Germany civil
engineers started to draw plans for the straightening and deepening of river channels – see
Franzius (1888/1991). Many years before, men started to build dikes and to reclaim land
from the sea and rivers to enhance the territory of emperors and simultaneously the fertile
area to be used by peasants (Kramer and Rohde, 1992; van de Ven, 1993).
In these times men admire the capability and ability of human kind to conquer nature.
Principally, only the benefits of these new developments were seen and acknowledged.
Although, in the late nineteenth century critical voices exist that pinpoint on controversial
effects – see Blackbourn (2006). One can also find evidence for critical voices against the
typical proceeding of protecting sandy islands in Northern Germany by the implementation
of hard measurements, for example, Bartels (1881). Especially, the notion of technical
dominion of natural processes was questioned. This aimed at trying to take further aspects
into account. At any time the reason to get active was to adapt or develop the natural
environment to the purpose of human kind. If negative effects did occur or were detected
they were mainly answered by sectoral measurements (see Chap. 3).
2.1.1 San Francisco Bay (USA)
The earliest efforts in ICZM dated back to the 1960s in the USA and Australia (Sorensen,
1993). The San Francisco Bay suffered increasing siltation. This led to a reduction of the
size of the bay by one-third and destroyed approximately 90 % of tidal marshes. In 1961 a
c
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018
13
F. Ahlhorn, Integrated Coastal Zone Management,
Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-17052-3_2