The Heat Budget of Lakes
53
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Underwater thermometer.
2. Ice-thickness measure (meter stick with a hook at one end).
3. Ice auger or ice spud.
4. Underwater light meter.
5. Water bottle (Kemmerer or nonmetallic), line, and messengers.
6. Ice chest, Sterno, and matches.
7. Steel tape measurer (50 m or longer).
8. Stopwatch.
9. Floats (oranges) for stream velocity measurements (see Exercise 5).
References
Adams, W.P. 1976. Field determination of the densities of lake ice sheets. Limnol. Oceanogr.
21 :602-608.
Adams, W.P. and D.e. Lasenby. 1978. The role of ice and snow in lake heat budgets. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 23: 1025-1028.
Hanson, E.B., A.S. Bradshaw, and D.e. Chandler. 1961. The physical limnology of Cayuga Lake,
New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Mem. No. 378: 1-63.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 1. Wiley, New York. 1015pp.
Johnson, N.M., G.E. Likens, and J.S. Eaton. 1985. Stability, circulation and energy flux in Mirror
Lake. pp. 108-127. In: G.E. Likens, Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology.
Mirror Lake and Its Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Johnsson, H. 1946. Termisk-hydrologiska studier i Sjon Kliimmingen. Geogr. Ann. Stockholm
28:1-154.
Juday, e. 1940. The annual energy budget of an inland lake. Ecology 21 :439-450.
Likens, G.E. and N.M. Johnson. 1969. Measurement and analysis of the annual heat budget for
the sediments in two Wisconsin lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14(1): 115-135.
Meier, M.F. 1964. Ice and glaciers. pp. 16-1 to 16-32. In: e.T Chow, Editor. Handbook of
Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hili, New York.
Neumann, 1. 1953. Energy balance and evaporation from sweetwater lakes of the Jordan Rift.
Bull. Res. Council Israel 2:337-357.
Patterson, 1.e. and P.F. Hamblin. 1988. Thermal simulation of a lake with winter ice cover.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:323-338.
Ragotzkie, R.A. and G.E. Likens. 1964. The heat balance of two Antarctic lakes. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 9(3):412-425.
Saur, J.F.T and E.R. Anderson. 1956. The heat budget of a body of water of varying volume.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 1(4):247-251.
Scott, 1.T 1964. A comparison of the heat balance of lakes in winter. Tech. Rep. 13. Dept. of
Meteorol., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 138 pp.
Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming. 1942. The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry
and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1087 pp.
Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. 2nd Ed. Saunders Coli., Philadelphia. 858 pp.
Winter, Te. 1985. Approaches to the study of lake hydrology. pp. 128-135. In: G.E. Likens,
Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology. Mirror Lake and its Environment.
Springer-Verlag, New York.
53
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Underwater thermometer.
2. Ice-thickness measure (meter stick with a hook at one end).
3. Ice auger or ice spud.
4. Underwater light meter.
5. Water bottle (Kemmerer or nonmetallic), line, and messengers.
6. Ice chest, Sterno, and matches.
7. Steel tape measurer (50 m or longer).
8. Stopwatch.
9. Floats (oranges) for stream velocity measurements (see Exercise 5).
References
Adams, W.P. 1976. Field determination of the densities of lake ice sheets. Limnol. Oceanogr.
21 :602-608.
Adams, W.P. and D.e. Lasenby. 1978. The role of ice and snow in lake heat budgets. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 23: 1025-1028.
Hanson, E.B., A.S. Bradshaw, and D.e. Chandler. 1961. The physical limnology of Cayuga Lake,
New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Mem. No. 378: 1-63.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 1. Wiley, New York. 1015pp.
Johnson, N.M., G.E. Likens, and J.S. Eaton. 1985. Stability, circulation and energy flux in Mirror
Lake. pp. 108-127. In: G.E. Likens, Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology.
Mirror Lake and Its Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Johnsson, H. 1946. Termisk-hydrologiska studier i Sjon Kliimmingen. Geogr. Ann. Stockholm
28:1-154.
Juday, e. 1940. The annual energy budget of an inland lake. Ecology 21 :439-450.
Likens, G.E. and N.M. Johnson. 1969. Measurement and analysis of the annual heat budget for
the sediments in two Wisconsin lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14(1): 115-135.
Meier, M.F. 1964. Ice and glaciers. pp. 16-1 to 16-32. In: e.T Chow, Editor. Handbook of
Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hili, New York.
Neumann, 1. 1953. Energy balance and evaporation from sweetwater lakes of the Jordan Rift.
Bull. Res. Council Israel 2:337-357.
Patterson, 1.e. and P.F. Hamblin. 1988. Thermal simulation of a lake with winter ice cover.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:323-338.
Ragotzkie, R.A. and G.E. Likens. 1964. The heat balance of two Antarctic lakes. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 9(3):412-425.
Saur, J.F.T and E.R. Anderson. 1956. The heat budget of a body of water of varying volume.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 1(4):247-251.
Scott, 1.T 1964. A comparison of the heat balance of lakes in winter. Tech. Rep. 13. Dept. of
Meteorol., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 138 pp.
Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming. 1942. The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry
and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1087 pp.
Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. 2nd Ed. Saunders Coli., Philadelphia. 858 pp.
Winter, Te. 1985. Approaches to the study of lake hydrology. pp. 128-135. In: G.E. Likens,
Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology. Mirror Lake and its Environment.
Springer-Verlag, New York.