Physical Characteristics: Lake Models
41
6. Effects of humic substances on the thermal properties oflakes (dense tea solutions
can be used).
7. Effect of varying the angle of the heat lamp on the heat budget (e.g., sun's angle).
8. Calcium carbonate precipitation with high surface temperatures from an initially
saturated solution of cold water.
9. Effect of identical wind and "sun" conditions on lakes of varying depth.
10. Geostrophic effect on the motion of internal seiches (e.g., connect a stirrer motor to
an aquarium system on a rotatable laboratory stool or use a low (e.g., 3 rpm) speed
display turntable).
11. Add colored "rain" to see the effects of precipitation on the mixing processes.
12. Effects of movements of organisms may be observed grossly by adding Daphnia, or
some small fish, such as a guppy.
References
Birge, E.A. 1910. An unregarded factor in lake temperatures. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett.
16: 989-1004.
Birge, E.A. 1916. The work of the wind in warming a lake. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 18
(Part 2): 341-391.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 1. Geography, Physics, and Chemistry.
Wiley, New York. 1015pp.
Johnson, N.M., G.E. Likens, and J.S. Eaton. 1985. Stability, circulation and energy flux in Mirror
Lake. pp. 108-127. In: G.E. Likens, Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology.
Mirror Lake and its Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Mortimer, c.R. 1951. The use of models in the study of water movement in lakes. Verh. Int. Ver.
Limnol. 11: 254-260.
Reed. E. B. 1970. Annual heat budgets and thermal stability in small mountain lakes, Colorado,
U.S.A. Schweiz. Z. Hydro!. 32: 397-404.
Schmidt, W. 1928 Uber Temperatur und Stabilitiitsverhiiltnisse von Seen. Geographiska
Annaler 10: 145-177.
Vallentyne, 1.R. 1967. A simplified .model of a lake for instructional use. 1. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada 24: 2473-2479.
41
6. Effects of humic substances on the thermal properties oflakes (dense tea solutions
can be used).
7. Effect of varying the angle of the heat lamp on the heat budget (e.g., sun's angle).
8. Calcium carbonate precipitation with high surface temperatures from an initially
saturated solution of cold water.
9. Effect of identical wind and "sun" conditions on lakes of varying depth.
10. Geostrophic effect on the motion of internal seiches (e.g., connect a stirrer motor to
an aquarium system on a rotatable laboratory stool or use a low (e.g., 3 rpm) speed
display turntable).
11. Add colored "rain" to see the effects of precipitation on the mixing processes.
12. Effects of movements of organisms may be observed grossly by adding Daphnia, or
some small fish, such as a guppy.
References
Birge, E.A. 1910. An unregarded factor in lake temperatures. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett.
16: 989-1004.
Birge, E.A. 1916. The work of the wind in warming a lake. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 18
(Part 2): 341-391.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 1. Geography, Physics, and Chemistry.
Wiley, New York. 1015pp.
Johnson, N.M., G.E. Likens, and J.S. Eaton. 1985. Stability, circulation and energy flux in Mirror
Lake. pp. 108-127. In: G.E. Likens, Editor. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology.
Mirror Lake and its Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Mortimer, c.R. 1951. The use of models in the study of water movement in lakes. Verh. Int. Ver.
Limnol. 11: 254-260.
Reed. E. B. 1970. Annual heat budgets and thermal stability in small mountain lakes, Colorado,
U.S.A. Schweiz. Z. Hydro!. 32: 397-404.
Schmidt, W. 1928 Uber Temperatur und Stabilitiitsverhiiltnisse von Seen. Geographiska
Annaler 10: 145-177.
Vallentyne, 1.R. 1967. A simplified .model of a lake for instructional use. 1. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada 24: 2473-2479.