384
ANIMALS
Appendix 4
stage. Recongnition of the copepodid stages is based on segmentation of the body and
the details of the appendages.
Stage
Appendage
N-I N-II N-III N-IV N-V N-VI C-I
C-IJ C-III C-IV C-V CVI
1st antenna
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd antenna
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
Mandible
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
1st maxilla
0
0
x
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd maxilla
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
MaxiIIipeds
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
1st leg
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd leg
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
3rd leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
#
4th leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
#
5th leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
#
Caudal rami
0
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
+
+
#
N = nauplius, C = copepodid, # = structure fully formed, + = relatively well developed but not fully formed,
- = present as lobed structure or otherwise much undeveloped, x = present as seta or group of setae,
o = structure absent.
General Taxonomic Works on Freshwater Animals
Eddy, S. and A.e. Hodson. 1961. Taxonomic Keys to the Common Animals of the North Central
States. 3rd Ed. Burgess, Minneapolis. 162 pp.
Edmondson, W.T. (ed.). 1959. Freshwater Biology. 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York. 1248 pp.
Huggins, D.G., P.M. Liechti, and L.C. Ferrington, Jr. 1985. Guide to the Freshwater
Invertebrates of the Midwest. Tech. Publ. 11, Kansas Biological Survey, Univ. Kansas,
Lawrence. 221 pp.
Klots, E.B. 1966. The New Field Book of Freshwater Life. Putnam, New York. 398 pp.
Morgan, A.H. 1930. Field Book of Ponds and Streams. Putnam, New York.
Needham, J.e. and P.R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. 5th Ed.
Holden-Day, San Francisco. 107 pp.
Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, D.J. Conklin. 1990. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 442 pp.
Pennak, R.W. 1989. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States. Protozoa to Mollusca. 3rd
Ed. Wiley, New York. 628pp.
Thorp, J.H. and A.P. Covich (ed). 1990. Ecology and Classification of North American
Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic, Orlando, FL (In press)
Protozoa
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959. Freshwater Biology. [Several chapters, pp. 190-297] Wiley, New
York.
Jahn, T.L. 1949. How to Know the Protozoa. Wm. e. Brown, Dubuque, IA 234pp.
Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th Ed. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.
Lee, J.J., S.H. Hutner, and E.C. Bovee (ed). 1985. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of
Protozoologists, Lawrence, KS. 629 pp.
ANIMALS
Appendix 4
stage. Recongnition of the copepodid stages is based on segmentation of the body and
the details of the appendages.
Stage
Appendage
N-I N-II N-III N-IV N-V N-VI C-I
C-IJ C-III C-IV C-V CVI
1st antenna
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd antenna
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
Mandible
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
#
1st maxilla
0
0
x
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd maxilla
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
MaxiIIipeds
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
1st leg
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
2nd leg
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
#
3rd leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
#
4th leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
#
5th leg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
#
Caudal rami
0
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
+
+
#
N = nauplius, C = copepodid, # = structure fully formed, + = relatively well developed but not fully formed,
- = present as lobed structure or otherwise much undeveloped, x = present as seta or group of setae,
o = structure absent.
General Taxonomic Works on Freshwater Animals
Eddy, S. and A.e. Hodson. 1961. Taxonomic Keys to the Common Animals of the North Central
States. 3rd Ed. Burgess, Minneapolis. 162 pp.
Edmondson, W.T. (ed.). 1959. Freshwater Biology. 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York. 1248 pp.
Huggins, D.G., P.M. Liechti, and L.C. Ferrington, Jr. 1985. Guide to the Freshwater
Invertebrates of the Midwest. Tech. Publ. 11, Kansas Biological Survey, Univ. Kansas,
Lawrence. 221 pp.
Klots, E.B. 1966. The New Field Book of Freshwater Life. Putnam, New York. 398 pp.
Morgan, A.H. 1930. Field Book of Ponds and Streams. Putnam, New York.
Needham, J.e. and P.R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. 5th Ed.
Holden-Day, San Francisco. 107 pp.
Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, D.J. Conklin. 1990. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 442 pp.
Pennak, R.W. 1989. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States. Protozoa to Mollusca. 3rd
Ed. Wiley, New York. 628pp.
Thorp, J.H. and A.P. Covich (ed). 1990. Ecology and Classification of North American
Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic, Orlando, FL (In press)
Protozoa
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959. Freshwater Biology. [Several chapters, pp. 190-297] Wiley, New
York.
Jahn, T.L. 1949. How to Know the Protozoa. Wm. e. Brown, Dubuque, IA 234pp.
Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th Ed. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.
Lee, J.J., S.H. Hutner, and E.C. Bovee (ed). 1985. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of
Protozoologists, Lawrence, KS. 629 pp.