378
Appendix 4
3.a. One pair of wings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. DIPTERA (true flies)
3.b. Two pairs of wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.a. Wings covered with hairs or scales.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . TRICHOPTERA (hairs); LEPIDOPTERA (scales)
4.b. Wings without encumbrances ....... HYMENOPTERA (wings hooked
together into one); EPHEMEROPTERA (rear pair of wings smaller);
PLECOPTERA (wings all approximately the same size; abdomen not
especially long); ODONATA (wings all the same size; abdomen long and
cylindrical).
Note: COLLEMBOLA have no wings but can always be recognized by the long
forked appendage at the tip of the abdomen (usually folded under) used in
springing about on the surface of quiet water.
Key D: Insect naiads
1.a. Fantastically developed lower jaw covering lower half or front offace and folding
back between legs. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ODONATA
(See Supplementary Key III-page 379)
1.b. Lower jaw more normal. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.a. Platelike gill on rear corners of most abdominal segments; one tarsal claw;
usually three tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPHEMEROPTERA
(See Supplementary Key IV -page 379)
2.b. Gills (if any) as bunches of filaments under body (usually thorax only); two
tarsal claws; two tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLECOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key V -page 380)
Key E: Insect larvae
1.a. No jointed legs; body usually worm- or maggotlike . . . . . . . . . . DIPTERA
(See Supplementary Key VI-page 380)
1.b. Jointed legs present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.a. Posterior end of abdomen without hooks or fleshy temporary legs. . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COLEOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key I-page 378)
2.b. Hooks at end of abdomen, often on fleshy prolegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.a. Postabdominal proleg each with two large hooks placed side by side; each
abdominal segment with a pair of stout lateral filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MEGALOPTERA (Dobson flies)
3.b. Posterior corners of abdomen each dominated by a large hook (often on a proleg)
or occasionally by a row of small hooks; larvae usually in a case . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. TRICHOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key VII -page 380)
Supplementary Keys
Key I: Coleoptera
(Beetles; most listed are aquatic through life)
Appendix 4
3.a. One pair of wings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. DIPTERA (true flies)
3.b. Two pairs of wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.a. Wings covered with hairs or scales.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . TRICHOPTERA (hairs); LEPIDOPTERA (scales)
4.b. Wings without encumbrances ....... HYMENOPTERA (wings hooked
together into one); EPHEMEROPTERA (rear pair of wings smaller);
PLECOPTERA (wings all approximately the same size; abdomen not
especially long); ODONATA (wings all the same size; abdomen long and
cylindrical).
Note: COLLEMBOLA have no wings but can always be recognized by the long
forked appendage at the tip of the abdomen (usually folded under) used in
springing about on the surface of quiet water.
Key D: Insect naiads
1.a. Fantastically developed lower jaw covering lower half or front offace and folding
back between legs. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ODONATA
(See Supplementary Key III-page 379)
1.b. Lower jaw more normal. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.a. Platelike gill on rear corners of most abdominal segments; one tarsal claw;
usually three tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPHEMEROPTERA
(See Supplementary Key IV -page 379)
2.b. Gills (if any) as bunches of filaments under body (usually thorax only); two
tarsal claws; two tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLECOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key V -page 380)
Key E: Insect larvae
1.a. No jointed legs; body usually worm- or maggotlike . . . . . . . . . . DIPTERA
(See Supplementary Key VI-page 380)
1.b. Jointed legs present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.a. Posterior end of abdomen without hooks or fleshy temporary legs. . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COLEOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key I-page 378)
2.b. Hooks at end of abdomen, often on fleshy prolegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.a. Postabdominal proleg each with two large hooks placed side by side; each
abdominal segment with a pair of stout lateral filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MEGALOPTERA (Dobson flies)
3.b. Posterior corners of abdomen each dominated by a large hook (often on a proleg)
or occasionally by a row of small hooks; larvae usually in a case . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. TRICHOPTERA
(See Supplementary Key VII -page 380)
Supplementary Keys
Key I: Coleoptera
(Beetles; most listed are aquatic through life)