298
Exercise 22
10. Loosely aggregated sediments present special problems to epipelic algae. How might
epipelic algae cope with disturbances of the substrata?
11. What advantages might epipelic algae accrue from living on sediment?
12. How do the littoral phytoplankton differ from those of the open water? What are the
disadvantages for phytoplankton living in the littoral zone among macrophytes? How
would light, temperature, and nutrient composition differ?
13, How do the zooplankton of the littoral zone differ qualitatively and quantitatively from
those ofthe open water? How would feediing types differ in each zone? Predation pressure by
fishes and invertebrates?
14. How might you devise improved sampling apparatus for sampling zooplankton among
littoral macro vegetation?
15. Why does the species diversity of benthic fauna generally increase in the littoral zone as
compared to that of the pelagial?
16. What feeding types among benthic fauna would you anticipate to dominate in the littoral
zone? How significant would you expect direct feeding by macroinvertebrates on tissue of
macrovegetation to be? What alternatives do these animals have?
17. How might surface seiches affect littoral organisms? Progressive waves?
18. How would you diagram the food web for the littoral zone?
19. How would you diagram the qualitative and estimated quantitative metabolic relationships
(e.g., in terms of carbon pools and fluxes) for the littoral zone?
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Stakes (ca. 2 m in length), 100-m tape, and meter sticks.
2. Large plastic bags, permanent marking pens, and data sheets.
3. Herbarium presses and associated mounting supplies.
4. Weighted grappling hooks ("cat-o-nine tails"), plastic buckets, and snorkel or SCUBA
equipment.
5. Quadrats (0.25- or 0.50-m 2 ) of steel rod or heavy electrical wire.
6. Drying ovens (105°C), muffle furnace (550°C), and crucibles.
7. Large balances and a semimicro analytical balance.
8. Coring tubes for root/rhizome sampling (ca. 30 cm by 2 cm diameter) and stoppers to fit.
9. Artificial substrata (e.g., glass slides) incubated for 2 to 4 weeks in the littoral areas prior to
exercise [see Shideckova (1962) for a discussion of types of substrata and apparatus] and
transport containers for substrata (see p. 295).
10. Algal counting cells (see Exercise 10).
11. Apparatus and reagents for pigment analyses (see Exercise 10).
12. Apparatus and supplies for oxygen or 14C productivity analyses (see Exercise 14).
13. Vernier calipers to determine the diameters of emergent macrophytes.
14. Zooplankton counting cells and zooplankton sieving nets (see Exercise 13).
15. Large cylinder of rigid plastic (ca. 15 cm in diameter by 2 m in length) and a metal or plastic
plate ca. 20 x 20cm 2 •
16. Large white enameled or plastic pans and sorting sieves of mesh size ca. 0.2 and OAmm.
References
Allen, H.L. 1971. Primary productivity, chemo-organotrophy, and nutritional interactions of
epiphytic algae and bacteria on macrophytes in the littoral of a lake. Ecol. Monogr. 41 : 97 -127.
Brakke, D.F. 1976. Modification of the Whiteside-Williams pattern sampler. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada 33:2861-2863.
Burkholder, J.A. and R.G. Wetzel. 1989. Epiphytic microalgae on a natural substratum in a
hardwater lake: Seasonal dynamics of community structure, biomass and ATP content. Arch.
Hydrobiol. Suppl. 83: 1-56.
Correll, D.S. and H.B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southwestern United
Exercise 22
10. Loosely aggregated sediments present special problems to epipelic algae. How might
epipelic algae cope with disturbances of the substrata?
11. What advantages might epipelic algae accrue from living on sediment?
12. How do the littoral phytoplankton differ from those of the open water? What are the
disadvantages for phytoplankton living in the littoral zone among macrophytes? How
would light, temperature, and nutrient composition differ?
13, How do the zooplankton of the littoral zone differ qualitatively and quantitatively from
those ofthe open water? How would feediing types differ in each zone? Predation pressure by
fishes and invertebrates?
14. How might you devise improved sampling apparatus for sampling zooplankton among
littoral macro vegetation?
15. Why does the species diversity of benthic fauna generally increase in the littoral zone as
compared to that of the pelagial?
16. What feeding types among benthic fauna would you anticipate to dominate in the littoral
zone? How significant would you expect direct feeding by macroinvertebrates on tissue of
macrovegetation to be? What alternatives do these animals have?
17. How might surface seiches affect littoral organisms? Progressive waves?
18. How would you diagram the food web for the littoral zone?
19. How would you diagram the qualitative and estimated quantitative metabolic relationships
(e.g., in terms of carbon pools and fluxes) for the littoral zone?
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Stakes (ca. 2 m in length), 100-m tape, and meter sticks.
2. Large plastic bags, permanent marking pens, and data sheets.
3. Herbarium presses and associated mounting supplies.
4. Weighted grappling hooks ("cat-o-nine tails"), plastic buckets, and snorkel or SCUBA
equipment.
5. Quadrats (0.25- or 0.50-m 2 ) of steel rod or heavy electrical wire.
6. Drying ovens (105°C), muffle furnace (550°C), and crucibles.
7. Large balances and a semimicro analytical balance.
8. Coring tubes for root/rhizome sampling (ca. 30 cm by 2 cm diameter) and stoppers to fit.
9. Artificial substrata (e.g., glass slides) incubated for 2 to 4 weeks in the littoral areas prior to
exercise [see Shideckova (1962) for a discussion of types of substrata and apparatus] and
transport containers for substrata (see p. 295).
10. Algal counting cells (see Exercise 10).
11. Apparatus and reagents for pigment analyses (see Exercise 10).
12. Apparatus and supplies for oxygen or 14C productivity analyses (see Exercise 14).
13. Vernier calipers to determine the diameters of emergent macrophytes.
14. Zooplankton counting cells and zooplankton sieving nets (see Exercise 13).
15. Large cylinder of rigid plastic (ca. 15 cm in diameter by 2 m in length) and a metal or plastic
plate ca. 20 x 20cm 2 •
16. Large white enameled or plastic pans and sorting sieves of mesh size ca. 0.2 and OAmm.
References
Allen, H.L. 1971. Primary productivity, chemo-organotrophy, and nutritional interactions of
epiphytic algae and bacteria on macrophytes in the littoral of a lake. Ecol. Monogr. 41 : 97 -127.
Brakke, D.F. 1976. Modification of the Whiteside-Williams pattern sampler. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada 33:2861-2863.
Burkholder, J.A. and R.G. Wetzel. 1989. Epiphytic microalgae on a natural substratum in a
hardwater lake: Seasonal dynamics of community structure, biomass and ATP content. Arch.
Hydrobiol. Suppl. 83: 1-56.
Correll, D.S. and H.B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southwestern United