Zooplankton Feeding
233
to which Nitex netting is glued over one end, work very well}. The mesh size of
the netting should be sufficiently small to retain all zooplankton and yet pass all
food particles (see Exercise 11).
Protozoa
1. Cultures of bacteria and ciliates. Monospecific cultures of bacterial-feeding
ciliates such as Paramecium and Cyclidium can be obtained from culture supply
houses. Alternatively ciliates can be cultured from hay infusions.
2. Fluorescent particles, 0.5- to I.O-l1m diameter.
3. Disposable culture tubes for subsamples.
4. Nitex netting, 30- to l00-l1m mesh size in relation to protozoan size.
5. Filtration apparatus with vacuum source.
6. Irgalan black-stained polycarbonate filters: 0.2-l1m pore size for making
preparations for counting bacteria and microspheres, and 2.0- or 5.0-l1m pore size
for making preparations for counting micro spheres ingested by ciliates.
7. Epifluorescent microscope with appropriate filter set for blue illumination.
8. Formalin solution.
9. Sonicator (optional).
10. Microscope slides, coverslips, and nonfluorescent immersion oil.
References
Frost, B.W. 1972. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behavior
of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17:805-815.
Haney, J.F. 1971. An in situ method for the measurement of zooplankton grazing rates. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 16:970-977.
Haney, J.F. 1973. An in situ examination of the grazing activities of natural zooplankton
communities. Arch. Hydrobiol. 72:87-132.
Lehman, J.T. 1976. The filter-feeder as an optimal forager, and the predicted shapes of feeding
curves. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:501-516.
McGregor, D.L. and R.G. Wetzel. 1968. Self-absorption of 14C radiation in freshwater
ostracods. Ecology 49:352-355.
Omori, M. and T. Ikeda. 1984. Methods in marine zooplankton ecology. Wiley, New York.
Pace, M.L. and M.D. Bailiff. 1987. Evaluation of a fluorescent microsphere technique for
measuring grazing rates of ph ago trophic microorganisms. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 40: 185-193.
Peters, R.H. 1984. Methods for the study of feeding, filtering and assimilation of zooplankton.
pp. 336-412. In: J.A. Downing and F.H. Rigler, Editors. A Manual for the Assessment of
Secondary Production in Fresh Waters. 2nd Ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
Porter, K.G. 1977. The plant-animal interface in freshwater ecosystems. Amer. Sci. 65: 159-170.
Rigler, F.H. 1971. Feeding rates: Zooplankton. pp. 228-255. In: W.T. Edmondson and G.G.
Winberg, Editors. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in
Fresh Waters. IBP Handbook 17. Blackwell, Oxford.
Rodina, A.G. 1972. Methods in Aquatic Microbiology. (Translated and revised by R.R. Colwell
and M.S. Zambruski.) University Park Press, Baltimore. 461 pp.
Stein, IR. (ed). 1973. Handbook of Phycological Methods. Culture Methods and Growth
Measurements. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 448 pp.
233
to which Nitex netting is glued over one end, work very well}. The mesh size of
the netting should be sufficiently small to retain all zooplankton and yet pass all
food particles (see Exercise 11).
Protozoa
1. Cultures of bacteria and ciliates. Monospecific cultures of bacterial-feeding
ciliates such as Paramecium and Cyclidium can be obtained from culture supply
houses. Alternatively ciliates can be cultured from hay infusions.
2. Fluorescent particles, 0.5- to I.O-l1m diameter.
3. Disposable culture tubes for subsamples.
4. Nitex netting, 30- to l00-l1m mesh size in relation to protozoan size.
5. Filtration apparatus with vacuum source.
6. Irgalan black-stained polycarbonate filters: 0.2-l1m pore size for making
preparations for counting bacteria and microspheres, and 2.0- or 5.0-l1m pore size
for making preparations for counting micro spheres ingested by ciliates.
7. Epifluorescent microscope with appropriate filter set for blue illumination.
8. Formalin solution.
9. Sonicator (optional).
10. Microscope slides, coverslips, and nonfluorescent immersion oil.
References
Frost, B.W. 1972. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behavior
of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17:805-815.
Haney, J.F. 1971. An in situ method for the measurement of zooplankton grazing rates. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 16:970-977.
Haney, J.F. 1973. An in situ examination of the grazing activities of natural zooplankton
communities. Arch. Hydrobiol. 72:87-132.
Lehman, J.T. 1976. The filter-feeder as an optimal forager, and the predicted shapes of feeding
curves. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:501-516.
McGregor, D.L. and R.G. Wetzel. 1968. Self-absorption of 14C radiation in freshwater
ostracods. Ecology 49:352-355.
Omori, M. and T. Ikeda. 1984. Methods in marine zooplankton ecology. Wiley, New York.
Pace, M.L. and M.D. Bailiff. 1987. Evaluation of a fluorescent microsphere technique for
measuring grazing rates of ph ago trophic microorganisms. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 40: 185-193.
Peters, R.H. 1984. Methods for the study of feeding, filtering and assimilation of zooplankton.
pp. 336-412. In: J.A. Downing and F.H. Rigler, Editors. A Manual for the Assessment of
Secondary Production in Fresh Waters. 2nd Ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
Porter, K.G. 1977. The plant-animal interface in freshwater ecosystems. Amer. Sci. 65: 159-170.
Rigler, F.H. 1971. Feeding rates: Zooplankton. pp. 228-255. In: W.T. Edmondson and G.G.
Winberg, Editors. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in
Fresh Waters. IBP Handbook 17. Blackwell, Oxford.
Rodina, A.G. 1972. Methods in Aquatic Microbiology. (Translated and revised by R.R. Colwell
and M.S. Zambruski.) University Park Press, Baltimore. 461 pp.
Stein, IR. (ed). 1973. Handbook of Phycological Methods. Culture Methods and Growth
Measurements. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 448 pp.