38
H. Rott
bit altitude. SARs became important tools for earth observation with the
launch of ERS-1 in 1991, JERS-1 in 1992, ERS-2 and Radarsat in 1995. Fast
delivery SAR products are disseminated through digital networks. Radar altimeter data are available from several satellites since 1978 (Seasat, Geosat,
ERS-1, ERS-2, TOPEX/POSEIDON). Though the altimeters have been designed for ocean surface measurements, they are also applied for measuring
the level of inland waters and large-scale surface topography over Antarctica
and Greenland.
New imaging sensors on scheduled missions will include imaging spectrometers with high spectral resolution and pushbroom scanners with very
high spatial resolution « 5m). The imaging spectrometers MODIS on EOS
AM and MERIS on ENVISAT will have moderate spatial resolution (250-300
m), and spectral resolution between 2.5 and 10 nm. MODIS can acquire 36
spectral channels at the same time, and MERIS 15, the position of the channels is programmable. In addition, the launch of hyperspectral imagers with
high spectral and spatial resolution, but narrow swath coverage, is planned,
e.g. on the NMP /EO-1 mission of NASA with 30 m resolution. The Advanced
SAR (ASAR), to be launched on ENVISAT, will be also a single frequency
systems, but with flexible pointing capabilities and with various polarization
modes. Several satellites with very high resolution imagers are due to be
launched in the near future, including 1m resolution sensors on Ikonos and
on QuickBird.
References
AFGC (1989) MODTRAN 3 User Manual. AFGL-TR-89-0122, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA., USA
Cracknell A.P. (1997) The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Taylor and
Francis, London
Dubois P.C., van Zyl J. & Engman T. (1995) Measuring soil moisture with imaging
radars. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem Sens. 33(4), 915 - 926
Elachi C. (1987) Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques.
IEEE Press, New York
Francois C. & Ottle C. (1996) Atmospheric corrections in the thermal infrared:
Global and water vapor dependent split-window algorithms - applications to
ATSR and AVHRR data. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem Sens. 34(3), 457 - 470
Grenfell T.C., Perovich D.K. & Ogren J.A. (1981) Spectral albedos of an alpine
snowpack. Cold Regions Science and Technology 4, 121-127
Harris J.E. (1994) Earthwatch, the Climate from Space. John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester, New York
Ishimaru A. (1978) Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. Academic
Press, New York, San Francisco, London
Jacquemoud S. & Baret F. (1990) PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties
spectra. Remote Sens. Environ. 34, 75-91
Jacquemoud S., Baret F. & Hanocq J.F. (1992) Modeling spectral and bidirectional
soil reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 41, 123-132
H. Rott
bit altitude. SARs became important tools for earth observation with the
launch of ERS-1 in 1991, JERS-1 in 1992, ERS-2 and Radarsat in 1995. Fast
delivery SAR products are disseminated through digital networks. Radar altimeter data are available from several satellites since 1978 (Seasat, Geosat,
ERS-1, ERS-2, TOPEX/POSEIDON). Though the altimeters have been designed for ocean surface measurements, they are also applied for measuring
the level of inland waters and large-scale surface topography over Antarctica
and Greenland.
New imaging sensors on scheduled missions will include imaging spectrometers with high spectral resolution and pushbroom scanners with very
high spatial resolution « 5m). The imaging spectrometers MODIS on EOS
AM and MERIS on ENVISAT will have moderate spatial resolution (250-300
m), and spectral resolution between 2.5 and 10 nm. MODIS can acquire 36
spectral channels at the same time, and MERIS 15, the position of the channels is programmable. In addition, the launch of hyperspectral imagers with
high spectral and spatial resolution, but narrow swath coverage, is planned,
e.g. on the NMP /EO-1 mission of NASA with 30 m resolution. The Advanced
SAR (ASAR), to be launched on ENVISAT, will be also a single frequency
systems, but with flexible pointing capabilities and with various polarization
modes. Several satellites with very high resolution imagers are due to be
launched in the near future, including 1m resolution sensors on Ikonos and
on QuickBird.
References
AFGC (1989) MODTRAN 3 User Manual. AFGL-TR-89-0122, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA., USA
Cracknell A.P. (1997) The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Taylor and
Francis, London
Dubois P.C., van Zyl J. & Engman T. (1995) Measuring soil moisture with imaging
radars. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem Sens. 33(4), 915 - 926
Elachi C. (1987) Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques.
IEEE Press, New York
Francois C. & Ottle C. (1996) Atmospheric corrections in the thermal infrared:
Global and water vapor dependent split-window algorithms - applications to
ATSR and AVHRR data. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem Sens. 34(3), 457 - 470
Grenfell T.C., Perovich D.K. & Ogren J.A. (1981) Spectral albedos of an alpine
snowpack. Cold Regions Science and Technology 4, 121-127
Harris J.E. (1994) Earthwatch, the Climate from Space. John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester, New York
Ishimaru A. (1978) Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. Academic
Press, New York, San Francisco, London
Jacquemoud S. & Baret F. (1990) PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties
spectra. Remote Sens. Environ. 34, 75-91
Jacquemoud S., Baret F. & Hanocq J.F. (1992) Modeling spectral and bidirectional
soil reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 41, 123-132