Present ocean circulation
29
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.1. Annual average of the zonal wind stress (a) and the meridional wind stress (b) on the
ocean-atmosphere surface. Contour values are in units of 0.1 Pa (in dyn/cm
2 ). This plot was made
using the data and software at http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/.
of these fluxes can also be estimated by bulk formulae that have the same form as
(2.1).
For example, the sensible heat flux Q H is the flux of heat arising through random motion near the ocean-atmosphere interface (a ‘diffusive flux’) and it is proportional to the difference between the sea-surface temperature (T s ) and the atmospheric temperature (T a ) at a height (z a ) just above this interface. The bulk
formula estimating this flux is given by
Ex. 2.2
Q H = ρ a C pa C H |U|(T s − (T a + γ a z a ))
(2.3)
29
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.1. Annual average of the zonal wind stress (a) and the meridional wind stress (b) on the
ocean-atmosphere surface. Contour values are in units of 0.1 Pa (in dyn/cm
2 ). This plot was made
using the data and software at http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/.
of these fluxes can also be estimated by bulk formulae that have the same form as
(2.1).
For example, the sensible heat flux Q H is the flux of heat arising through random motion near the ocean-atmosphere interface (a ‘diffusive flux’) and it is proportional to the difference between the sea-surface temperature (T s ) and the atmospheric temperature (T a ) at a height (z a ) just above this interface. The bulk
formula estimating this flux is given by
Ex. 2.2
Q H = ρ a C pa C H |U|(T s − (T a + γ a z a ))
(2.3)