Contents
xv
13.5.1 Ventilation theory
309
13.5.2 The internal boundary layer model
317
13.6 Exercises on chapter 13
324
14.ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT
327
14.1 Observations
328
14.2 The barotropic channel model
332
14.2.1 Flat bottom case
333
14.2.2 The role of bottom topography
334
14.3 Stratification
341
14.3.1 Stationary baroclinic flows
341
14.3.2 Time dependent phenomena
345
14.4 Exercises on chapter 14
349
15.ARCTIC OCEAN CIRCULATION
351
15.1 Characteristics
352
15.2 Quasi-geostrophic flows with topography
355
15.2.1 Geostrophic contours
355
15.2.2 Steady flows with closed geostrophic contours
358
15.3 An idealized model of the Arctic circulation
365
15.4 Application to the Arctic basin
368
15.5 Exercises on chapter 15
372
16.THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
375
16.1 Past climate variability
376
16.2 The Stommel two-box model
379
16.3 Equilibrium solutions
384
16.4 Stability of equilibrium solutions
386
16.5 Physical mechanisms
388
16.5.1 Advective feedback
388
16.5.2 Convective feedback
389
16.6 Exercises on chapter 16
394
Bibliography
397
Index
405