done only by means of the close cooperation between theoretical and observational
oceanographers, numerical mathematicians and computer programmers.
In this contribution we did not discuss the problems of sea ice modeling, as well
as the non-homogeneous air-ice and ice-ocean boundary layers, which also arise on
the way to the very fine horizontal and vertical resolution. All the modern
large-scale sea ice models, despite the adopted sea ice rheology, are based on the
assumption of the “sufficiently large” number of floes on the scale of the model
mesh to use the granular media mechanics achievements. This assumption, obviously, becomes wrong for the model resolution of about 1 km, having in mind that
the mean floe diameter in the central parts of the AO of about 300 m. The correct
formulation of the ocean model in the case of ice ridges with the depths keels up to
25 m is also a challenge.
Acknowledgements The study was performed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences and supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 14-27-00126.
References
1. Aksenov, Y., Karcher, M., Proshutinsky, A., Gerdes, R., de Cuevas, B., Golubeva, E., et al.
(2016) Arctic pathways of Pacific Water: Arctic Ocean model intercomparison experiments.
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 121, 27–59.
2. Fer, I. (2014). Near-inertial mixing in the central Arctic Ocean. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 44, 2031–2049. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0133.1.
3. Fox-Kemper, B., Ferrari, R., & Hallberg, R. (2008). Parameterization of mixed layer eddies.
Part I: Theory and diagnosis. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38, 1145–1165.
4. Gent, P. R., & McWilliams, J. C. (1990). Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(1), 150–155.
5. Hines, C. O. (1997). Doppler spread parameterization of gravity wave momentum deposition
in the middle atmosphere. Part 2. Broad and quasimonochromatic spectra, and implementation. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 59, 387–400.
6. Iakovlev, N. G. (2012). On the simulation of temperature and salinity fields in the Arctic
Ocean. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 48(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1134/
S0001433812010136.
7. Iakovlev, N. G., Volodin, E. M., & Gritsun, A. S. (2016). Simulation of the spatiotemporal
variability of the World Ocean sea surface height by the INM climate models. Izvestiya
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 52(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433816040125.
8. Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., & Doney, S. C. (1994). Oceanic vertical mixing: a review
and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32,
363–403.
9. LeBlond, P. H., & Mysak, L. A. (1978). Waves in the ocean (p. 602). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Oceanographic Series, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
10. Marshall, J., Hill, C., Perelman, L., Adcroft, A. Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and
nonhydrostatic ocean modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(C3), 5733–5752.
11. McPhee, M. G., & Kantha, L. H. (1989). Generation of internal waves by sea ice. Journal
Geophysical Research, 94(C3), 3287–3302.
12. McWilliams, J. C. (2016). Submesoscale currents in the ocean. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London A, 472, 20160117. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0117.
566
N. G. Iakovlev
oceanographers, numerical mathematicians and computer programmers.
In this contribution we did not discuss the problems of sea ice modeling, as well
as the non-homogeneous air-ice and ice-ocean boundary layers, which also arise on
the way to the very fine horizontal and vertical resolution. All the modern
large-scale sea ice models, despite the adopted sea ice rheology, are based on the
assumption of the “sufficiently large” number of floes on the scale of the model
mesh to use the granular media mechanics achievements. This assumption, obviously, becomes wrong for the model resolution of about 1 km, having in mind that
the mean floe diameter in the central parts of the AO of about 300 m. The correct
formulation of the ocean model in the case of ice ridges with the depths keels up to
25 m is also a challenge.
Acknowledgements The study was performed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences and supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 14-27-00126.
References
1. Aksenov, Y., Karcher, M., Proshutinsky, A., Gerdes, R., de Cuevas, B., Golubeva, E., et al.
(2016) Arctic pathways of Pacific Water: Arctic Ocean model intercomparison experiments.
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 121, 27–59.
2. Fer, I. (2014). Near-inertial mixing in the central Arctic Ocean. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 44, 2031–2049. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0133.1.
3. Fox-Kemper, B., Ferrari, R., & Hallberg, R. (2008). Parameterization of mixed layer eddies.
Part I: Theory and diagnosis. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38, 1145–1165.
4. Gent, P. R., & McWilliams, J. C. (1990). Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(1), 150–155.
5. Hines, C. O. (1997). Doppler spread parameterization of gravity wave momentum deposition
in the middle atmosphere. Part 2. Broad and quasimonochromatic spectra, and implementation. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 59, 387–400.
6. Iakovlev, N. G. (2012). On the simulation of temperature and salinity fields in the Arctic
Ocean. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 48(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1134/
S0001433812010136.
7. Iakovlev, N. G., Volodin, E. M., & Gritsun, A. S. (2016). Simulation of the spatiotemporal
variability of the World Ocean sea surface height by the INM climate models. Izvestiya
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 52(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433816040125.
8. Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., & Doney, S. C. (1994). Oceanic vertical mixing: a review
and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32,
363–403.
9. LeBlond, P. H., & Mysak, L. A. (1978). Waves in the ocean (p. 602). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Oceanographic Series, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
10. Marshall, J., Hill, C., Perelman, L., Adcroft, A. Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and
nonhydrostatic ocean modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(C3), 5733–5752.
11. McPhee, M. G., & Kantha, L. H. (1989). Generation of internal waves by sea ice. Journal
Geophysical Research, 94(C3), 3287–3302.
12. McWilliams, J. C. (2016). Submesoscale currents in the ocean. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London A, 472, 20160117. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0117.
566
N. G. Iakovlev