554
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Thorpe, S.A., 1975: The excitation, dissipation, and interaction of internal waves in the deep
ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 328-338.
Thorpe, S.A., 1982: On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water,
and their role in air–sea gas transfer. P. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lon. Ser. A, 304, 155-210.
Thorpe, S.A., 1985: Small-scale processes in the upper ocean boundary layer. Nature 318,
519-522.
Thorpe, S.A., 1986: Bubble clouds: A review of their detection by sonar, of realistic models,
and of how may be determined. Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes.
E.C. Monahan and G. MacNiocaill, Eds., 57-68, D. Reidel, Norwell, MA.
Thorpe, S.A., 1988: The dynamics of the boundary layers of the deep ocean. Sci. Prog. Oxf.
72, 189-206.
Thorpe, S.A., 1992: The break-up of Langmuir circulation and the instability of an array of
vortices. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 350-360.
Thorpe, S.A., 1995: Dynamical processes at the sea surface. Prog. Oceanog. 35, 315-352.
Thorpe, S.A., and A.J. Hall, 1987: Bubble clouds and temperature anomalies in the upper
ocean. Nature 328, 48-51.
Thorpe, S.A., J.F.E. Jackson, A.J. Hall, and R.G. Lueck, 2003a: Measurements of turbulence
in the upper ocean mixing layer using Autosub. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 122–145.
Thorpe, S.A., T.R. Osborn, D.M. Farmer, and S. Vagel, 2003b: Bubble clouds and Langmuir
circulation: Observations and models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 2013-2031.
Tkalich, P., and E.S. Chan, 2002: Breaking wind waves as a source of ambient noise. J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 112(2), 456-563.
TOCS, 1996: Cruise Report K-9709. JAMSTEC, 1997, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
Tomczak, M., 1995: Salinity variability in the surface layer of the tropical western Pacific
Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C10), 20,499-20,515.
Townsend, A., 1961: Equilibrium layers and wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 11, 97-120.
Tsimplis, M., 1992: The effect of rain in calming the sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 404-412.
Tsimplis, M., and S.A. Thorpe, 1989: Wave damping by rain. Nature 342, 893-895.
Turner, J.S., 1973: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY.
Ulbrich, C. W., 1983: Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size
distribution. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 1764-1775.
Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, 2003: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical
turbulence models. J. Mar. Res. 61, 235-265.
United States Department of Energy, 1994: Handbook of methods for the analysis of the
various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in seawater; version 2.
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Thorpe, S.A., 1975: The excitation, dissipation, and interaction of internal waves in the deep
ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 328-338.
Thorpe, S.A., 1982: On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water,
and their role in air–sea gas transfer. P. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lon. Ser. A, 304, 155-210.
Thorpe, S.A., 1985: Small-scale processes in the upper ocean boundary layer. Nature 318,
519-522.
Thorpe, S.A., 1986: Bubble clouds: A review of their detection by sonar, of realistic models,
and of how may be determined. Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes.
E.C. Monahan and G. MacNiocaill, Eds., 57-68, D. Reidel, Norwell, MA.
Thorpe, S.A., 1988: The dynamics of the boundary layers of the deep ocean. Sci. Prog. Oxf.
72, 189-206.
Thorpe, S.A., 1992: The break-up of Langmuir circulation and the instability of an array of
vortices. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 350-360.
Thorpe, S.A., 1995: Dynamical processes at the sea surface. Prog. Oceanog. 35, 315-352.
Thorpe, S.A., and A.J. Hall, 1987: Bubble clouds and temperature anomalies in the upper
ocean. Nature 328, 48-51.
Thorpe, S.A., J.F.E. Jackson, A.J. Hall, and R.G. Lueck, 2003a: Measurements of turbulence
in the upper ocean mixing layer using Autosub. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 122–145.
Thorpe, S.A., T.R. Osborn, D.M. Farmer, and S. Vagel, 2003b: Bubble clouds and Langmuir
circulation: Observations and models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 2013-2031.
Tkalich, P., and E.S. Chan, 2002: Breaking wind waves as a source of ambient noise. J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 112(2), 456-563.
TOCS, 1996: Cruise Report K-9709. JAMSTEC, 1997, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
Tomczak, M., 1995: Salinity variability in the surface layer of the tropical western Pacific
Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C10), 20,499-20,515.
Townsend, A., 1961: Equilibrium layers and wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 11, 97-120.
Tsimplis, M., 1992: The effect of rain in calming the sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 404-412.
Tsimplis, M., and S.A. Thorpe, 1989: Wave damping by rain. Nature 342, 893-895.
Turner, J.S., 1973: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY.
Ulbrich, C. W., 1983: Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size
distribution. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 1764-1775.
Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, 2003: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical
turbulence models. J. Mar. Res. 61, 235-265.
United States Department of Energy, 1994: Handbook of methods for the analysis of the
various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in seawater; version 2.