THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
produce sound in the high-frequency band; while, the rain containing large
raindrops (diameter >2.0 mm) produces sound in both frequency bands. The
ratio of the sound intensity in a high frequency band (10–30 kHz) to a lower
frequency band (4–10 kHz) can therefore serve as a characteristic of the
raindrop distribution and, hence, of the rainfall type.
Atlas et al. (1999) extended the Black et al. (1997) acoustic
classification of rainfall types by using additional features of the sound field.
They proposed to link systematic variations in the raindrop size distribution
to four different rainfall categories: convective, transition convective, and
two types of stratiform rain (type 1 and type 2).
7.5 Air-Sea Gas Exchange
The flux of gases like carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface is an
important part of the global climate and its changes (Tans et al., 1990).
Substantial efforts have been made toward parameterizing the air-sea gas
exchange. Modeling and parameterization of the interfacial gas transport is a
turbulent boundary layer problem, which is inherently linked to the physics
of the near-surface layer of the ocean (Soloviev and
2001).
7.5.1 Bulk-flux formulation
Woolf and Thorpe (1991) proposed to extend bulk-flux formulation
(1.45) for the net air-sea gas flux, G as follows:
0
[
( 1
) ]
w
a
e
G K C S p
P
' ,
(7.20)
where
int
b
K K
K
,
(7.21)
int
K is the interfacial (direct) transfer velocity, K b is the bubble-mediated gas
transfer velocity, p a is the gas partial pressure in the air, S P is the solubility of
the gas, w
C is its concentration in the bulk of the water (according to Henry
law w
w
C
p S P ), and ' e is the equilibrium supersaturation defined as the
fractional increase in partial pressure of the gas in the water caused by
bubble overpressure and dissolution. If the supersaturation term is neglected,
(7.20) reduces to a well-known parameterization formula for the air-sea gas
exchange (1.45).
Woolf and Thorpe (1991) parameterized the equilibrium supersaturation
term as follows:
480
,
Schl ssel
ü
produce sound in the high-frequency band; while, the rain containing large
raindrops (diameter >2.0 mm) produces sound in both frequency bands. The
ratio of the sound intensity in a high frequency band (10–30 kHz) to a lower
frequency band (4–10 kHz) can therefore serve as a characteristic of the
raindrop distribution and, hence, of the rainfall type.
Atlas et al. (1999) extended the Black et al. (1997) acoustic
classification of rainfall types by using additional features of the sound field.
They proposed to link systematic variations in the raindrop size distribution
to four different rainfall categories: convective, transition convective, and
two types of stratiform rain (type 1 and type 2).
7.5 Air-Sea Gas Exchange
The flux of gases like carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface is an
important part of the global climate and its changes (Tans et al., 1990).
Substantial efforts have been made toward parameterizing the air-sea gas
exchange. Modeling and parameterization of the interfacial gas transport is a
turbulent boundary layer problem, which is inherently linked to the physics
of the near-surface layer of the ocean (Soloviev and
2001).
7.5.1 Bulk-flux formulation
Woolf and Thorpe (1991) proposed to extend bulk-flux formulation
(1.45) for the net air-sea gas flux, G as follows:
0
[
( 1
) ]
w
a
e
G K C S p
P
' ,
(7.20)
where
int
b
K K
K
,
(7.21)
int
K is the interfacial (direct) transfer velocity, K b is the bubble-mediated gas
transfer velocity, p a is the gas partial pressure in the air, S P is the solubility of
the gas, w
C is its concentration in the bulk of the water (according to Henry
law w
w
C
p S P ), and ' e is the equilibrium supersaturation defined as the
fractional increase in partial pressure of the gas in the water caused by
bubble overpressure and dissolution. If the supersaturation term is neglected,
(7.20) reduces to a well-known parameterization formula for the air-sea gas
exchange (1.45).
Woolf and Thorpe (1991) parameterized the equilibrium supersaturation
term as follows:
480
,
Schl ssel
ü