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THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Chapter 6 addresses high wind speed conditions, when breaking waves
intermittently disrupt the air-sea interface producing a two-phase
mixtures alter the distribution of buoyancy forces, which may affect the airsea dynamics. The volume nature of the buoyancy forces further complicates
production. Effects of sea spray as well as air bubbles on air-sea exchanges
Chapter 7, the final chapter of this monograph, describes current and
potential applications of the near-surface results. Among these applications
are remote sensing of the ocean, marine optics, marine chemistry and
biology, ocean acoustics, and air-sea gas exchange. The last section of this
chapter contains possible application of the near-surface results to ocean
general circulation and climate modeling.
The upper ocean processes obtain another level of complexity in coastal
zones due to several possible additional factors, including river (and other
freshwater) discharge, wider range of air-humidity and air-sea temperature
differences, typically short wave fetch (for offshore winds), wave shoaling,
refraction, and breaking, surface and bottom boundary layers merging
approaching the coast, anthropogenic surfactants and other contaminants
(sewage, nutrients). Suspended sediments (due to river outflows and to wave
action) alter optical properties and stratification. Though some of the related
issues are discussed throughout the book, no attempt is made in this book to
present the near-surface processes of coastal zones in a systematic way.
This book is mainly directed toward research scientists in physical and
chemical oceanography, marine biology, remote sensing, ocean optics and
acoustics. To broaden the potential audience, we have tried to make the book
interesting and informative for people with different backgrounds. We also
try to keep its style as close as possible to a textbook format to make it of
value for graduate studies in oceanography and environmental sciences.
the dynamics. Section 6.1 describes air-bubbles in the near-surface layer of
environment—air-bubbles in water and sea spray in air. These two-phase
the ocean. Section 6.2 has extensive references to the works on sea-spray
in a tropical cyclone are the subjects of Section 6.3.
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Chapter 6 addresses high wind speed conditions, when breaking waves
intermittently disrupt the air-sea interface producing a two-phase
mixtures alter the distribution of buoyancy forces, which may affect the airsea dynamics. The volume nature of the buoyancy forces further complicates
production. Effects of sea spray as well as air bubbles on air-sea exchanges
Chapter 7, the final chapter of this monograph, describes current and
potential applications of the near-surface results. Among these applications
are remote sensing of the ocean, marine optics, marine chemistry and
biology, ocean acoustics, and air-sea gas exchange. The last section of this
chapter contains possible application of the near-surface results to ocean
general circulation and climate modeling.
The upper ocean processes obtain another level of complexity in coastal
zones due to several possible additional factors, including river (and other
freshwater) discharge, wider range of air-humidity and air-sea temperature
differences, typically short wave fetch (for offshore winds), wave shoaling,
refraction, and breaking, surface and bottom boundary layers merging
approaching the coast, anthropogenic surfactants and other contaminants
(sewage, nutrients). Suspended sediments (due to river outflows and to wave
action) alter optical properties and stratification. Though some of the related
issues are discussed throughout the book, no attempt is made in this book to
present the near-surface processes of coastal zones in a systematic way.
This book is mainly directed toward research scientists in physical and
chemical oceanography, marine biology, remote sensing, ocean optics and
acoustics. To broaden the potential audience, we have tried to make the book
interesting and informative for people with different backgrounds. We also
try to keep its style as close as possible to a textbook format to make it of
value for graduate studies in oceanography and environmental sciences.
the dynamics. Section 6.1 describes air-bubbles in the near-surface layer of
environment—air-bubbles in water and sea spray in air. These two-phase
the ocean. Section 6.2 has extensive references to the works on sea-spray
in a tropical cyclone are the subjects of Section 6.3.