Chapter 2: SEA SURFACE MICROLAYER
Table 2-2 Comparison of different parameterizations and models for the temperature
difference, 'T, between the sea surface and 4 m depth (ship’s thermosalinograph intake), with
measurements made by Hartmut Grassl during TOGA COARE. The cool skin models are
labeled as follows: H (Hasse, 1971), S (Schl ssel et al., 1990), PS (Paulson and Simpson,
1981), SS (Soloviev and
, 1996 ), and SS m (Soloviev and
, 1996 with
updated empirical constants); the diurnal thermocline models, PWP (Price et al., 1986), and
SK (Stull and Kraus, 1987). All temperature differences are in
o C.
Night
Day
Day and Night
Cool-Skin
Model
Diurnal
Mixed
Layer and
Thermocline
Model
Bias
Std.
Dev.
Bias
Std.
Dev.
Bias
Std.
Dev.
H
Included
0.32
0.27
0.28
0.23
0.30
0.25
S
Included
0.14
0.10
-0.02
0.19
0.05
0.15
PS
PWP
0.06
0.13
0.14
0.20
0.10
0.17
SS
PWP
0.01
0.13
0.06
0.20
0.03
0.17
SS m
PWP
0.02
0.12
0.05
0.20
0.02
0.17
SS
SK
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.18
0.08
0.15
Though parameterization SS m , combined with the PWP model follows
the main features of the field data (Figure 2-19) and outperforms the other
models brought to the analysis, in some situations, especially under low
wind speed conditions, the difference between the model and data exceeds
0.5
° C. As mentioned above, numerical models of the diurnal mixed layer and
thermocline are not yet perfect, in particular under low wind speed
conditions. Improvement of the mixing parameterization is one of the closely
related issues (see Chapter 7).
Note that the SS cool skin model uses the Soloviev and
(1996) version of the renewal model. New field data instigated a
modification of the empirical coefficients entering this model, as described
Both mixed layer models, SK and PWP, account for the rain-formed
stratification in the near-surface layer. None of the cool skin models
mentioned in this section, however, accounts for the rain-related effects that
are the subject of the next sections.
2.5 Cool and Freshwater Skin of the Ocean during
Rainfall
Rain falling into the sea modifies the aqueous molecular sublayers
through a variety of different effects. These effects include additional
momentum flux and stabilizing buoyancy flux from air to sea, additional
sensible heat flux of the rain, modification of physical water constants
119
in Section 2.3.2. Quantitative comparison of the revised model with the
COARE data set presented has been presented in Figure 2-19.
ü
Schl ssel
ü
Schl ssel
ü
Schl ssel
ü
Table 2-2 Comparison of different parameterizations and models for the temperature
difference, 'T, between the sea surface and 4 m depth (ship’s thermosalinograph intake), with
measurements made by Hartmut Grassl during TOGA COARE. The cool skin models are
labeled as follows: H (Hasse, 1971), S (Schl ssel et al., 1990), PS (Paulson and Simpson,
1981), SS (Soloviev and
, 1996 ), and SS m (Soloviev and
, 1996 with
updated empirical constants); the diurnal thermocline models, PWP (Price et al., 1986), and
SK (Stull and Kraus, 1987). All temperature differences are in
o C.
Night
Day
Day and Night
Cool-Skin
Model
Diurnal
Mixed
Layer and
Thermocline
Model
Bias
Std.
Dev.
Bias
Std.
Dev.
Bias
Std.
Dev.
H
Included
0.32
0.27
0.28
0.23
0.30
0.25
S
Included
0.14
0.10
-0.02
0.19
0.05
0.15
PS
PWP
0.06
0.13
0.14
0.20
0.10
0.17
SS
PWP
0.01
0.13
0.06
0.20
0.03
0.17
SS m
PWP
0.02
0.12
0.05
0.20
0.02
0.17
SS
SK
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.18
0.08
0.15
Though parameterization SS m , combined with the PWP model follows
the main features of the field data (Figure 2-19) and outperforms the other
models brought to the analysis, in some situations, especially under low
wind speed conditions, the difference between the model and data exceeds
0.5
° C. As mentioned above, numerical models of the diurnal mixed layer and
thermocline are not yet perfect, in particular under low wind speed
conditions. Improvement of the mixing parameterization is one of the closely
related issues (see Chapter 7).
Note that the SS cool skin model uses the Soloviev and
(1996) version of the renewal model. New field data instigated a
modification of the empirical coefficients entering this model, as described
Both mixed layer models, SK and PWP, account for the rain-formed
stratification in the near-surface layer. None of the cool skin models
mentioned in this section, however, accounts for the rain-related effects that
are the subject of the next sections.
2.5 Cool and Freshwater Skin of the Ocean during
Rainfall
Rain falling into the sea modifies the aqueous molecular sublayers
through a variety of different effects. These effects include additional
momentum flux and stabilizing buoyancy flux from air to sea, additional
sensible heat flux of the rain, modification of physical water constants
119
in Section 2.3.2. Quantitative comparison of the revised model with the
COARE data set presented has been presented in Figure 2-19.
ü
Schl ssel
ü
Schl ssel
ü
Schl ssel
ü