Ocean Acoustic Tomography
129
Kauai to f
Kauai to k
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
2003
2004
2005
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
N
S
40°
60°
60°
90°
30°
0°
W
W
E
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
150°
120°
90°
Heard Island
Ascension
Island
Chatham Rise
Campbell Plateau
Pioneer
Kauai
f
k
ATOC (Pioneer Source)
ATOC (Kauai Source)
Heard Island Feasibility Test (HIFT)
S
0-1000 Average Temperature (°C)
ATOC
ATOC
ALTIMETRY
ECCO model
(ten day totals)
1995
1994
F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Lindy Weilgart MARMAM Notice
LA Times, Washington
"One of the most astoundingly stupid
and potentially destructive experiments
it's ever been my displeasure to read
about in advance."
"Call everybody you can think of, and
then ten more you can't."
# of News Articles Published
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 8.6. (a): Heard Island Feasibility Test (HIFT) 21,22,23 of January 1991. Sources were suspended from
the center well of the R/V Cory Chouest 50 km south of Heard Island in the Indian Ocean. Black circles
indicate receiver sites with single hydrophones, black lines with dots indicate horizontal and vertical
receiver arrays. Long dash lines are refracted geodesics (which would be great circles for a homogeneous
ocean on a spherical Earth). Signals were received at all stations except for the Japanese station off Samoa
and the vertical array at Bermuda (which sank). Inset is signal recorded at Ascension Island; note the
“afterglow” of the 57 Hz center frequency following the termination of the 1 hour transmission. Subsequent
ATOC transmissions in the Pacific from Pioneer Seamount (short dash) and Kauai (solid and dotted) to
various SOSUS arrays are shown. (b): Public response to the proposed ATOC project 25 . The quote in
the box is one of the more favorable notices to appear on the MARMAM website dedicated to marine
mammals. (c): The mean temperature in the upper 1 km of the northeast Pacific as inferred from satellite
altimetry (thin), acoustic thermometry (heavy) and the ECCO model (dashed). From Dushaw (personal
communication).
129
Kauai to f
Kauai to k
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
2003
2004
2005
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
N
S
40°
60°
60°
90°
30°
0°
W
W
E
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
150°
120°
90°
Heard Island
Ascension
Island
Chatham Rise
Campbell Plateau
Pioneer
Kauai
f
k
ATOC (Pioneer Source)
ATOC (Kauai Source)
Heard Island Feasibility Test (HIFT)
S
0-1000 Average Temperature (°C)
ATOC
ATOC
ALTIMETRY
ECCO model
(ten day totals)
1995
1994
F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Lindy Weilgart MARMAM Notice
LA Times, Washington
"One of the most astoundingly stupid
and potentially destructive experiments
it's ever been my displeasure to read
about in advance."
"Call everybody you can think of, and
then ten more you can't."
# of News Articles Published
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 8.6. (a): Heard Island Feasibility Test (HIFT) 21,22,23 of January 1991. Sources were suspended from
the center well of the R/V Cory Chouest 50 km south of Heard Island in the Indian Ocean. Black circles
indicate receiver sites with single hydrophones, black lines with dots indicate horizontal and vertical
receiver arrays. Long dash lines are refracted geodesics (which would be great circles for a homogeneous
ocean on a spherical Earth). Signals were received at all stations except for the Japanese station off Samoa
and the vertical array at Bermuda (which sank). Inset is signal recorded at Ascension Island; note the
“afterglow” of the 57 Hz center frequency following the termination of the 1 hour transmission. Subsequent
ATOC transmissions in the Pacific from Pioneer Seamount (short dash) and Kauai (solid and dotted) to
various SOSUS arrays are shown. (b): Public response to the proposed ATOC project 25 . The quote in
the box is one of the more favorable notices to appear on the MARMAM website dedicated to marine
mammals. (c): The mean temperature in the upper 1 km of the northeast Pacific as inferred from satellite
altimetry (thin), acoustic thermometry (heavy) and the ECCO model (dashed). From Dushaw (personal
communication).