48
Weferetal.
KubikP, Dittrich-HannenB, Suter M (1995) Increased
biological productivity and export production in the
glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 378: 675-680
Labeyrie LD (1974) New approach to surface seawater
paleotemperatures using "0j1 6 0 ratios in silica of
diatom frustules. Nature 248: 40-42
Labeyrie LD, Duplessy JC (1985) Changes in the oceanic l3C/l2C ratio during the last 140,000 years: Highlatitude surface water records. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol50: 217-240
Lange CB, Berger WH (1993) Diatom productivity and
preservation in the western equatorial Pacific: the
Quaternary record. Tn: Berger WH, Kroenke L W,
Mayer LA et al. (eds) Proc ODP Sci Results 130,
College Station, TX, pp 509-523
Lange CB, Treppke UF, Fischer G (1994) Seasonal diatom fluxes in the Guinea Basin and their relationship
to trade winds, ITCZ migrations and upwelling
events. Deep-Sea Res 41: 859-878
Laws EA, Popp BN, Bidigare RR, Kennicutt MC, Macko
SA (1995) Dependence of phytoplankton carbon
isotopic composition on grwoth rate and [CO, (aq)]:
Theoretical considerations and experimental results.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59: 1131-1138
Le J, Shackleton NJ (1992) Carbonate dissolution fluctuations in the western equatorial Pacific during the
Late Quaternary. Paleoceanography 7: 21-42
Lea DW (1993) Constraints on the alkalinity and circulation of glacial circumpolar deep water from benthic
foraminiferal barium. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:
695-710
Lea DW (1995) A trace metal perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water chemistry. Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Lea DW, Boyle EA (1989) Barium content of benthic
foraminifera controlled by bottom-water composition. Nature 338: 751-753
Lea DW, Boyle EA (1990a) A 21 O,OOO-year record of
barium variability in the deep northwest atlantic
ocean. Nature 347: 269-272
Lea DW, Boyle EA (I 990b ) Foraminiferslreconstruction
of barium distributions in water masses of the glacial oceans. Paleoceanography 5: 719-742
Lea DW, Spero HJ (1992) Experimental determination of
barium uptake in shells of the planktonic foram inifers
Orbulina universa at 22°C. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta 56: 2673-2680
Lea DW, Spero HJ (1994) Assessing the reliability of
paleochemical tracers: Barium uptake in the shells
of planktonic foraminifers. Paleoceanography 9:
445-452
Levitus S (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean.
NOAA Professional Paper 13, US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 1-173
Lobbes J (1999) Biogeochemische Tracer im Arktischen
Ozean. PhD Thesis, University of Bremen, in press
Lohmann GP (1995) A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifers due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution. Paleoceanography 10: 445-457
Loubere P (1991) Deep-sea benthic foraminifersl assemblage response to a surface ocean productivity gradient: a test. Paleoceanography 6: 193-204
Loubere P (1994) Quantitative estimation of surface
ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen concentration using benthic foraminifers. Paleoceanography 9: 723-737
Lourens LJ, Hilgen FJ (1994) Long-period orbital variations and their relation to third-order Eustatic cycles
and the onset of major glaciations - 3.0 million years
ago. In: Astronomical forcing of Mediterranean climate during the last 5.3 million years (Chapter 9). PhD
Thesis, University of Utrecht, Holland, pp 199-206
Lutze GF, Thiel H (1989) Epibenthic foraminifers from
elevated microhabitats: Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi
andPlanulinaarimensis.JForamRes 19: 153-158
Lyle M, Murray DW, Finney BP, Dymond J, Robbins 1M,
Brooksforce K (1988) The record oflate Pleistocene
biogenic sedimentation in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean. Paleoceanography 3: 39-59
LyleM, ZahnR, PrahlF, DymondJ, CollierR, PisiasN,
Suess E (1992) Paleoproductivity and carbon burial
across the California Current: The multitracers
transect, 42°N. Paleoceanography 7: 251-272
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Fairbanks RG (1994) A conservative
tracer for glacial ocean circulation from carbon isotope and paleo-nutrient measurements in benthic
foraminifers. Nature 369: 308-310
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Stocker T, Broecker WS, Fairbanks R
(1995) The influence of air-sea exchange on the isotopic composition of oceanic carbon: Observations
and modelling. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9: 653-665
Mackensen A (1997) Foraminifersl proxies: constraints
on their use in high latitude paleoceanography. Ber
Polarforsch Bremerhaven 243, pp 1-146
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Filtterer DK (1993) The /i13C in benthic foraminifersl
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the /ilJC of dissolved inorganic carbon in Southern Ocean Deep Water: Implications for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
Malmgren BA, Nordlund U (1997) Application of artificial neural networks to paleoceanographic data.
Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol136: 359-373
Weferetal.
KubikP, Dittrich-HannenB, Suter M (1995) Increased
biological productivity and export production in the
glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 378: 675-680
Labeyrie LD (1974) New approach to surface seawater
paleotemperatures using "0j1 6 0 ratios in silica of
diatom frustules. Nature 248: 40-42
Labeyrie LD, Duplessy JC (1985) Changes in the oceanic l3C/l2C ratio during the last 140,000 years: Highlatitude surface water records. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol50: 217-240
Lange CB, Berger WH (1993) Diatom productivity and
preservation in the western equatorial Pacific: the
Quaternary record. Tn: Berger WH, Kroenke L W,
Mayer LA et al. (eds) Proc ODP Sci Results 130,
College Station, TX, pp 509-523
Lange CB, Treppke UF, Fischer G (1994) Seasonal diatom fluxes in the Guinea Basin and their relationship
to trade winds, ITCZ migrations and upwelling
events. Deep-Sea Res 41: 859-878
Laws EA, Popp BN, Bidigare RR, Kennicutt MC, Macko
SA (1995) Dependence of phytoplankton carbon
isotopic composition on grwoth rate and [CO, (aq)]:
Theoretical considerations and experimental results.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59: 1131-1138
Le J, Shackleton NJ (1992) Carbonate dissolution fluctuations in the western equatorial Pacific during the
Late Quaternary. Paleoceanography 7: 21-42
Lea DW (1993) Constraints on the alkalinity and circulation of glacial circumpolar deep water from benthic
foraminiferal barium. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:
695-710
Lea DW (1995) A trace metal perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water chemistry. Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Lea DW, Boyle EA (1989) Barium content of benthic
foraminifera controlled by bottom-water composition. Nature 338: 751-753
Lea DW, Boyle EA (1990a) A 21 O,OOO-year record of
barium variability in the deep northwest atlantic
ocean. Nature 347: 269-272
Lea DW, Boyle EA (I 990b ) Foraminiferslreconstruction
of barium distributions in water masses of the glacial oceans. Paleoceanography 5: 719-742
Lea DW, Spero HJ (1992) Experimental determination of
barium uptake in shells of the planktonic foram inifers
Orbulina universa at 22°C. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta 56: 2673-2680
Lea DW, Spero HJ (1994) Assessing the reliability of
paleochemical tracers: Barium uptake in the shells
of planktonic foraminifers. Paleoceanography 9:
445-452
Levitus S (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean.
NOAA Professional Paper 13, US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 1-173
Lobbes J (1999) Biogeochemische Tracer im Arktischen
Ozean. PhD Thesis, University of Bremen, in press
Lohmann GP (1995) A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifers due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution. Paleoceanography 10: 445-457
Loubere P (1991) Deep-sea benthic foraminifersl assemblage response to a surface ocean productivity gradient: a test. Paleoceanography 6: 193-204
Loubere P (1994) Quantitative estimation of surface
ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen concentration using benthic foraminifers. Paleoceanography 9: 723-737
Lourens LJ, Hilgen FJ (1994) Long-period orbital variations and their relation to third-order Eustatic cycles
and the onset of major glaciations - 3.0 million years
ago. In: Astronomical forcing of Mediterranean climate during the last 5.3 million years (Chapter 9). PhD
Thesis, University of Utrecht, Holland, pp 199-206
Lutze GF, Thiel H (1989) Epibenthic foraminifers from
elevated microhabitats: Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi
andPlanulinaarimensis.JForamRes 19: 153-158
Lyle M, Murray DW, Finney BP, Dymond J, Robbins 1M,
Brooksforce K (1988) The record oflate Pleistocene
biogenic sedimentation in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean. Paleoceanography 3: 39-59
LyleM, ZahnR, PrahlF, DymondJ, CollierR, PisiasN,
Suess E (1992) Paleoproductivity and carbon burial
across the California Current: The multitracers
transect, 42°N. Paleoceanography 7: 251-272
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Fairbanks RG (1994) A conservative
tracer for glacial ocean circulation from carbon isotope and paleo-nutrient measurements in benthic
foraminifers. Nature 369: 308-310
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Stocker T, Broecker WS, Fairbanks R
(1995) The influence of air-sea exchange on the isotopic composition of oceanic carbon: Observations
and modelling. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9: 653-665
Mackensen A (1997) Foraminifersl proxies: constraints
on their use in high latitude paleoceanography. Ber
Polarforsch Bremerhaven 243, pp 1-146
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Filtterer DK (1993) The /i13C in benthic foraminifersl
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the /ilJC of dissolved inorganic carbon in Southern Ocean Deep Water: Implications for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
Malmgren BA, Nordlund U (1997) Application of artificial neural networks to paleoceanographic data.
Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol136: 359-373