522
Lea et al.
Lea DW (1995) A trace metal perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deepwater chemistry.
Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Linsley BK, Dunbar RB (1994) The late pleistocene history of surface water olJC in the Sulu Sea: possible
relationship to Pacific deepwater onc changes.
Paleoceanography 9: 317-340
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Flitterer DK (1993) The onC in benthic foraminiferal
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the olJC of dissolved inorganic carbon in Southern Ocean deep water: Implications for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
McCorkle DC, Keigwin LD, Corliss BH, Emerson SR
(1990) The influence of microhabitats on the carbon
isotopic composition of deepsea benthic
foraminfiera. Paleoceanography 5: 161-185
Mix AC (1992) The marine oxygen isotope record: constraints on timing and extent of ice-growth events
(120-65 ka). In: ClarkPU, LeaPD(eds) The Last Interglacial Transition in North America. Geol Soc Amer
Spec Paper, Boulder, Colorado, pp 19-30
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1989) Carbon isotope composition of tropical surface water during the past 22,000
years. Paleoceanography 4: 333-352
SanyalA, Hemming NG, Hanson GN, Broecker WS (1995)
Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial ocean from
boron isotopes in foraminifera. Nature 373: 234-236
SchragDP, HamptG, Murray DW (1996) Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic
Composition of the Glacial Ocean. Science 272:
1930-1932
Shackleton NJ (1977) LlC in Uvigerina: Tropical rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Anderson N, Malahof A (eds)
Fate of Fossil Fuel CO, in the Oceans. Plenum, New
York,pp401-427
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations Archean to
Present. AGU, Washington DC, pp 303-317
Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Line J, Cang S (1983a) Carbon
isotope data in core V 19-30 conflfm reduced carbon
dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere.
Nature 306: 319-322
Shackleton NJ, Imbrie J, Hall MA (1983b) Oxygen and
carbon isotope record of East Pacific core VI9-30:
implications for the formation of deep water in the
last Pleistocene North Atlantic. Earth Planet Sci Lett
65:233-244
Shackleton NJ, Le J, Mix A, Hall MA (1992) Carbon isotope records from Pacific surface waters and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Quat Sci Rev 11: 387-400
Sowers T, Bender M (1995) Climate records covering the
last deglaciation. Science 269: 210-214
Spero HJ, Lea DW (1996) Experimental determination of
stable isotopic variability in Globigerina bulloides:
implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Mar Micropaleontol28: 231-246
Spero HJ, Williams DF (1988) Extracting environmental
information from planktonic foraminiferal8 IJ C data.
Nature 335: 717-719
Spero HJ, Bijma J, Lea DW, Bemis B (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate chemistry on planktonic
foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope values.
Nature 390: 497-500
Stott LD, Tang CM (1996) Reassessment offoraminiferalbased tropical sea surface 0"0 paleotemperatures.
Paleoceanography 1\: 37-56
Struck U, Sarnthein M, Westerhausen L, Barnola JM,
Raynaud D (\993) Ocean-atmosphere carbon
exchange: impact of the "biological pump" in
the Atlantic equatorial upwelling belt over the
last 330,000 years. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecoll03: 41-56
Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Lin PN, Henderson KA, Cole-Dia J, Bolzan JF, Liu K-b
(1995) Late Glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice
core records from Huascaran, Peru. Science 269:
46-50
Thunell R, Anderson D, Gellar D, Miao Q (1994) Seasurface temperature estimates for the Tropical Western Pacific during the last glaciation and their implications for the Pacific Warm Pool. Quat Res 41:
255-264
Lea et al.
Lea DW (1995) A trace metal perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deepwater chemistry.
Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Linsley BK, Dunbar RB (1994) The late pleistocene history of surface water olJC in the Sulu Sea: possible
relationship to Pacific deepwater onc changes.
Paleoceanography 9: 317-340
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Flitterer DK (1993) The onC in benthic foraminiferal
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the olJC of dissolved inorganic carbon in Southern Ocean deep water: Implications for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
McCorkle DC, Keigwin LD, Corliss BH, Emerson SR
(1990) The influence of microhabitats on the carbon
isotopic composition of deepsea benthic
foraminfiera. Paleoceanography 5: 161-185
Mix AC (1992) The marine oxygen isotope record: constraints on timing and extent of ice-growth events
(120-65 ka). In: ClarkPU, LeaPD(eds) The Last Interglacial Transition in North America. Geol Soc Amer
Spec Paper, Boulder, Colorado, pp 19-30
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1989) Carbon isotope composition of tropical surface water during the past 22,000
years. Paleoceanography 4: 333-352
SanyalA, Hemming NG, Hanson GN, Broecker WS (1995)
Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial ocean from
boron isotopes in foraminifera. Nature 373: 234-236
SchragDP, HamptG, Murray DW (1996) Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic
Composition of the Glacial Ocean. Science 272:
1930-1932
Shackleton NJ (1977) LlC in Uvigerina: Tropical rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Anderson N, Malahof A (eds)
Fate of Fossil Fuel CO, in the Oceans. Plenum, New
York,pp401-427
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations Archean to
Present. AGU, Washington DC, pp 303-317
Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Line J, Cang S (1983a) Carbon
isotope data in core V 19-30 conflfm reduced carbon
dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere.
Nature 306: 319-322
Shackleton NJ, Imbrie J, Hall MA (1983b) Oxygen and
carbon isotope record of East Pacific core VI9-30:
implications for the formation of deep water in the
last Pleistocene North Atlantic. Earth Planet Sci Lett
65:233-244
Shackleton NJ, Le J, Mix A, Hall MA (1992) Carbon isotope records from Pacific surface waters and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Quat Sci Rev 11: 387-400
Sowers T, Bender M (1995) Climate records covering the
last deglaciation. Science 269: 210-214
Spero HJ, Lea DW (1996) Experimental determination of
stable isotopic variability in Globigerina bulloides:
implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Mar Micropaleontol28: 231-246
Spero HJ, Williams DF (1988) Extracting environmental
information from planktonic foraminiferal8 IJ C data.
Nature 335: 717-719
Spero HJ, Bijma J, Lea DW, Bemis B (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate chemistry on planktonic
foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope values.
Nature 390: 497-500
Stott LD, Tang CM (1996) Reassessment offoraminiferalbased tropical sea surface 0"0 paleotemperatures.
Paleoceanography 1\: 37-56
Struck U, Sarnthein M, Westerhausen L, Barnola JM,
Raynaud D (\993) Ocean-atmosphere carbon
exchange: impact of the "biological pump" in
the Atlantic equatorial upwelling belt over the
last 330,000 years. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecoll03: 41-56
Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Lin PN, Henderson KA, Cole-Dia J, Bolzan JF, Liu K-b
(1995) Late Glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice
core records from Huascaran, Peru. Science 269:
46-50
Thunell R, Anderson D, Gellar D, Miao Q (1994) Seasurface temperature estimates for the Tropical Western Pacific during the last glaciation and their implications for the Pacific Warm Pool. Quat Res 41:
255-264