XXVI Contents
43 Oil Spills and Response
Merv Fingas ...................................................................... 1067
43.1 Frequency of Oil Spills .................................................. 1068
43.2 Response to Oil Spills ................................................... 1070
43.3 Typical Oils and Their Properties ....................................... 1070
43.4 Behavior of Oil in the Environment .................................... 1071
43.5 Analysis, Detection, and Remote Sensing of Oil Spills................ 1075
43.6 Containment on Water .................................................. 1078
43.7 Oil Recovery on Water ................................................... 1080
43.8 Separation, Pumping, Decontamination, and Disposal .............. 1084
43.9 Spill-Treating Agents .................................................... 1086
43.10 In-Situ Burning.......................................................... 1087
43.11 Shoreline Cleanup and Restoration .................................... 1089
References ....................................................................... 1092
Part E Ocean Renewable Energy
44 Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Resource Assessment
Manhar R. Dhanak, Alana E.S. Duerr, James H. VanZwieten ................ 1099
44.1 Wave Energy Resource .................................................. 1100
44.2 Tidal and Ocean Current Energy Resource ............................. 1101
44.3 Assessment of Global Ocean Current Resources ....................... 1106
44.4 Other Considerations .................................................... 1113
References ....................................................................... 1114
45 Ocean Wave Energy Conversion Concepts
Nikolaos I. Xiros, Manhar R. Dhanak .......................................... 1117
45.1 Basic Concepts in Primary Energy Capture............................. 1118
45.2 Power Takeoff Systems .................................................. 1127
45.A Appendix: Practical Applications of Wave Energy Conversion
Technologies ............................................................. 1133
References ....................................................................... 1143
46 Ocean Current Energy Conversion
Howard P. Hanson, James H. VanZwieten, Gabriel M. Alsenas .............. 1147
46.1 Fundamentals ........................................................... 1148
46.2 The Betz Limit............................................................ 1149
46.3 Conversion Systems...................................................... 1151
46.4 Supporting Infrastructure ............................................... 1156
46.5 Beyond Engineering..................................................... 1160
46.6 Summary ................................................................. 1160
References ....................................................................... 1160
47 Harvesting Energy by Flow Included Motions
Michael M. Bernitsas ............................................................ 1163
47.1 Hydrokinetic Energy in Horizontal Flow ............................... 1166
47.2 Alternating-Lift Technologies: The VIVACE Converter as a Case Study 1178
47.3 Methodology and Tools in Support of Development ................. 1202
47.4 Nomenclature............................................................ 1237
References ....................................................................... 1238
43 Oil Spills and Response
Merv Fingas ...................................................................... 1067
43.1 Frequency of Oil Spills .................................................. 1068
43.2 Response to Oil Spills ................................................... 1070
43.3 Typical Oils and Their Properties ....................................... 1070
43.4 Behavior of Oil in the Environment .................................... 1071
43.5 Analysis, Detection, and Remote Sensing of Oil Spills................ 1075
43.6 Containment on Water .................................................. 1078
43.7 Oil Recovery on Water ................................................... 1080
43.8 Separation, Pumping, Decontamination, and Disposal .............. 1084
43.9 Spill-Treating Agents .................................................... 1086
43.10 In-Situ Burning.......................................................... 1087
43.11 Shoreline Cleanup and Restoration .................................... 1089
References ....................................................................... 1092
Part E Ocean Renewable Energy
44 Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Resource Assessment
Manhar R. Dhanak, Alana E.S. Duerr, James H. VanZwieten ................ 1099
44.1 Wave Energy Resource .................................................. 1100
44.2 Tidal and Ocean Current Energy Resource ............................. 1101
44.3 Assessment of Global Ocean Current Resources ....................... 1106
44.4 Other Considerations .................................................... 1113
References ....................................................................... 1114
45 Ocean Wave Energy Conversion Concepts
Nikolaos I. Xiros, Manhar R. Dhanak .......................................... 1117
45.1 Basic Concepts in Primary Energy Capture............................. 1118
45.2 Power Takeoff Systems .................................................. 1127
45.A Appendix: Practical Applications of Wave Energy Conversion
Technologies ............................................................. 1133
References ....................................................................... 1143
46 Ocean Current Energy Conversion
Howard P. Hanson, James H. VanZwieten, Gabriel M. Alsenas .............. 1147
46.1 Fundamentals ........................................................... 1148
46.2 The Betz Limit............................................................ 1149
46.3 Conversion Systems...................................................... 1151
46.4 Supporting Infrastructure ............................................... 1156
46.5 Beyond Engineering..................................................... 1160
46.6 Summary ................................................................. 1160
References ....................................................................... 1160
47 Harvesting Energy by Flow Included Motions
Michael M. Bernitsas ............................................................ 1163
47.1 Hydrokinetic Energy in Horizontal Flow ............................... 1166
47.2 Alternating-Lift Technologies: The VIVACE Converter as a Case Study 1178
47.3 Methodology and Tools in Support of Development ................. 1202
47.4 Nomenclature............................................................ 1237
References ....................................................................... 1238