XVIII Contents
4.7
Computational Method for Fully Nonlinear Waves....................
93
4.8
Wave Forces on Fixed and Floating Structures ........................
94
4.9
Concluding Remarks ....................................................
97
References .......................................................................
98
5 Physical Properties of Seawater
Wendell S. Brown................................................................
101
5.1
Hydrostatic Pressure.....................................................
101
5.2
Temperature .............................................................
101
5.3
Salinity ...................................................................
103
5.4
Density ...................................................................
104
5.5
Temperature–Salinity Relationships ...................................
105
5.6
Specific Heat .............................................................
106
5.7
Freezing of Sea Water and Sea Ice .....................................
106
5.8
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ......................................
106
5.9
Sound Velocity ...........................................................
107
5.10 Acoustic Ambient Noise .................................................
107
5.11 Light Transmission.......................................................
108
References .......................................................................
109
6 Principles of Marine Corrosion
Robert E. Melchers ...............................................................
111
6.1
Chemical and Physical Composition of Seawater .....................
111
6.2
Materials Used in Marine Environments ...............................
113
6.3
Marine Corrosion of Steel ...............................................
113
6.4
Modeling Longer Term Corrosion of Steel ..............................
116
6.5
Other Influences on Steel Corrosion ...................................
118
6.6
Pitting Corrosion of Steel ...............................................
119
6.7
Some Other Important Materials .......................................
121
6.8
Conclusion ...............................................................
123
References .......................................................................
123
7 Hydromechanics
Karl Dietrich von Ellenrieder, Manhar R. Dhanak.............................
127
7.1
Dimensional Analysis, Basic Estimation, and Model Testing.........
127
7.2
Fluid Statics ..............................................................
153
7.3
Hydrodynamics ..........................................................
155
References .......................................................................
174
8 Ocean Electromagnetics
John J. Holmes...................................................................
177
8.1
Electromagnetism in an Ocean Environment .........................
177
8.2
Electromagnetic Field Theory ...........................................
178
8.3
Plane Wave Propagation ................................................
180
8.4
Reflection and Transmission of a Plane Wave at the Surface
of Fresh Water ...........................................................
182
8.5
Plane Wave Incident on Seawater .....................................
184
8.6
Magnetic and Electric Dipoles in an Unbounded Ocean .............
186
8.7
Magnetic and Electric Dipoles in a Bounded Ocean ..................
188
8.8
Electromagnetic Propagation in the Ocean at Optical Wavelengths .
193
References .......................................................................
195