5
seawater to radio and microwave frequencies electrical, or via fiber-optic or electrical
cable. Telemetry from surface platforms may make use of radio or microwave frequency electromagnetic radiation to shore-based receiving antennae, satellites
relays, or, increasingly for coastal platforms, the commercial cellular data networks.
Command-and-control of the platform and instruments is likewise effected through
such means. Navigation of mobile platforms, and station-keeping assurance of fixed
ones, is performed using satellite geolocation for surface platforms or by acoustic
means if submerged.
Increasingly, instrumental ocean observations serve to inform continuously running numerical simulations (mathematical models) of state variables such as seasurface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), sea-surface height (SSH),
winds, waves, currents, and ocean color in near real time. Such data assimilation
schemes constrain model drift extending model prediction skill. Some of the most
widely used models and their operational products available through the internet
and other applications are discussed.
The process of data dissemination in particular has changed substantially over
the last few decades. The majority of data products, including numerical forecasts,
can now be retrieved and displayed electronically through access to the internet.
Indeed, many of the data products now being disseminated are specifically designed
as mobile applications accessible while at sea aboard small vessels over smartphones or handheld tablet computers.
Integrated ocean observing systems operating sophisticated platforms and instruments at sea require significant infrastructure and human resources for sustained
systems operation and maintenance and for data archival and product development
and dissemination. A final chapter is devoted to the challenges of planning, deploying, and maintaining such systems.
References
Dore JE, Lukas R, Sadler DW, Church MJ, Karl DM. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of
ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. PNAS. 2009;106:12235–40.
Edwards CA, Moore AM, Hoteit I, Cornuelle BD. Regional ocean data assimilation. Annu Rev
Mar Sci. 2015;7:21–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015821. Epub 2014
Aug 6.
Hart JK, Martinez K. Environmental sensor networks: a revolution in the earth system science?
Earth Sci Rev. 2006;78:177–91.
References
seawater to radio and microwave frequencies electrical, or via fiber-optic or electrical
cable. Telemetry from surface platforms may make use of radio or microwave frequency electromagnetic radiation to shore-based receiving antennae, satellites
relays, or, increasingly for coastal platforms, the commercial cellular data networks.
Command-and-control of the platform and instruments is likewise effected through
such means. Navigation of mobile platforms, and station-keeping assurance of fixed
ones, is performed using satellite geolocation for surface platforms or by acoustic
means if submerged.
Increasingly, instrumental ocean observations serve to inform continuously running numerical simulations (mathematical models) of state variables such as seasurface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), sea-surface height (SSH),
winds, waves, currents, and ocean color in near real time. Such data assimilation
schemes constrain model drift extending model prediction skill. Some of the most
widely used models and their operational products available through the internet
and other applications are discussed.
The process of data dissemination in particular has changed substantially over
the last few decades. The majority of data products, including numerical forecasts,
can now be retrieved and displayed electronically through access to the internet.
Indeed, many of the data products now being disseminated are specifically designed
as mobile applications accessible while at sea aboard small vessels over smartphones or handheld tablet computers.
Integrated ocean observing systems operating sophisticated platforms and instruments at sea require significant infrastructure and human resources for sustained
systems operation and maintenance and for data archival and product development
and dissemination. A final chapter is devoted to the challenges of planning, deploying, and maintaining such systems.
References
Dore JE, Lukas R, Sadler DW, Church MJ, Karl DM. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of
ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. PNAS. 2009;106:12235–40.
Edwards CA, Moore AM, Hoteit I, Cornuelle BD. Regional ocean data assimilation. Annu Rev
Mar Sci. 2015;7:21–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015821. Epub 2014
Aug 6.
Hart JK, Martinez K. Environmental sensor networks: a revolution in the earth system science?
Earth Sci Rev. 2006;78:177–91.
References