xiii
6 Numerical Models for Operational Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.1 Constraints to Spatial and Temporal Resolution
of Ocean Observing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2 Physical Models for Operational Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.1 Ocean General Circulation Models
for Operational Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.2 Coastal Ocean Hydrodynamic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3 Coastal Ocean Wave Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4 Lagrangian Tracking for Spill Response
and Search and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.5 Chemical Models for Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.6 Biological Models for Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7 Coastal Ocean Observing Data Quality Assurance
and Quality Control, Data Validation, Databases,
and Data Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
for In Situ Ocean Observing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 Experimental Validation of Remote Sensing
and Ocean Model Output Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.4 Ocean Observing Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.5 Ocean Observing Data Visualization
for Environmental Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8 Planning, Implementation, and Operation of Coastal
Ocean Observing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.1 Ocean Observing Data Needs Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.2 Planning Coastal Ocean Observing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2.1 Instrument and Platform Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2.2 Platform Site Selection and Regulatory Constraints . . . . . . 138
8.2.3 Selection, Sub-sampling, and Optimization
of Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.2.4 Selection and Design of Numerical Model
Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.3 Deployment and Maintenance of Ocean Observing Platforms
in the Coastal Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.3.1 Buoy Deployment and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.3.2 High Frequency Radar Deployment
and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.3.3 Glider Deployment and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
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