xi
1 Introduction to Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2 Electronic Sensors and Instruments for Coastal
Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.1 Transducer-Driven Instruments for Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.2 Electronic Sensors and Instruments for Ocean Observing . . . . . . .
9
2.2.1 Seawater Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.2.2 Seawater Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Ocean Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.4 Ocean Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.5 Ocean Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.6 Ocean Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.7 Light in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.1 Seawater Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.3 The Inorganic Carbon System and pH in Seawater . . . . . . . 37
2.3.4 Inorganic Nutrients Dissolved in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4 Electro-Optical Sensors for Measurement
of Organic Matter in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.1 Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.2 Sensing and Tracking Petroleum Pollution
in the Marine Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 Sensors for Biological Compounds and Processes: Chlorophyll,
Accessory Pigments, and Photosynthetic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5.1 In Vitro/In Vivo Chlorophyll Fluorometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.5.2 Automated Sell Sorting, Counting, and Bio-optical
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5.3 Remote Sensing of Photosynthetic Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Contents
1 Introduction to Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2 Electronic Sensors and Instruments for Coastal
Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.1 Transducer-Driven Instruments for Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2.2 Electronic Sensors and Instruments for Ocean Observing . . . . . . .
9
2.2.1 Seawater Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.2.2 Seawater Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Ocean Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.4 Ocean Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.5 Ocean Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.6 Ocean Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.7 Light in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Coastal Ocean Observing . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.1 Seawater Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.3 The Inorganic Carbon System and pH in Seawater . . . . . . . 37
2.3.4 Inorganic Nutrients Dissolved in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4 Electro-Optical Sensors for Measurement
of Organic Matter in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.1 Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.2 Sensing and Tracking Petroleum Pollution
in the Marine Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 Sensors for Biological Compounds and Processes: Chlorophyll,
Accessory Pigments, and Photosynthetic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5.1 In Vitro/In Vivo Chlorophyll Fluorometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.5.2 Automated Sell Sorting, Counting, and Bio-optical
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5.3 Remote Sensing of Photosynthetic Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Contents