213
10
Modeling Snowmelt
Runoff under Climate
Change Scenarios
Using MODIS-Based
Snow Cover Products
Russell J. Qualls and Ayodeji Arogundade
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 214
10.2 Snowmelt Modeling ..................................................................................... 214
10.2.1 Comparison of Temperature Index and Energy Balance
Modeling Approaches ...................................................................... 215
10.2.2 Snowmelt Runoff Model—Structure and Details ............................ 217
10.2.3 Climate Change Modeling with SRM .............................................. 218
10.3 Remote Sensing of Snow .............................................................................. 220
10.3.1 In Situ Measurement History ............................................................ 221
10.3.2 Satellite History ................................................................................ 221
10.3.3 Passive Microwave—Snow Depth and Area Coverage ................... 222
10.3.4 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ...........................224
10.4 Snowmelt Runoff Modeling under Climate Change—Snake River
Headwaters Case Study ................................................................................ 228
10.4.1 Model Structure of SRM .................................................................. 228
10.4.2 Data Sources ..................................................................................... 228
10.4.3 Basin Characteristics ........................................................................ 230
10.4.4 Model Variables ............................................................................... 232
10.4.4.1 Temperature and Precipitation .......................................... 232
10.4.4.2 Snow-Covered Area ........................................................... 232
10.4.5 Model Parameters ............................................................................. 237
10.4.6 Climate Change ................................................................................ 238
10.4.7 Results and Discussion of Snowmelt Runoff Modeling ...................240
10.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 243
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 245
References ............................................................................................................. 245
10
Modeling Snowmelt
Runoff under Climate
Change Scenarios
Using MODIS-Based
Snow Cover Products
Russell J. Qualls and Ayodeji Arogundade
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 214
10.2 Snowmelt Modeling ..................................................................................... 214
10.2.1 Comparison of Temperature Index and Energy Balance
Modeling Approaches ...................................................................... 215
10.2.2 Snowmelt Runoff Model—Structure and Details ............................ 217
10.2.3 Climate Change Modeling with SRM .............................................. 218
10.3 Remote Sensing of Snow .............................................................................. 220
10.3.1 In Situ Measurement History ............................................................ 221
10.3.2 Satellite History ................................................................................ 221
10.3.3 Passive Microwave—Snow Depth and Area Coverage ................... 222
10.3.4 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ...........................224
10.4 Snowmelt Runoff Modeling under Climate Change—Snake River
Headwaters Case Study ................................................................................ 228
10.4.1 Model Structure of SRM .................................................................. 228
10.4.2 Data Sources ..................................................................................... 228
10.4.3 Basin Characteristics ........................................................................ 230
10.4.4 Model Variables ............................................................................... 232
10.4.4.1 Temperature and Precipitation .......................................... 232
10.4.4.2 Snow-Covered Area ........................................................... 232
10.4.5 Model Parameters ............................................................................. 237
10.4.6 Climate Change ................................................................................ 238
10.4.7 Results and Discussion of Snowmelt Runoff Modeling ...................240
10.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 243
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 245
References ............................................................................................................. 245