Bailey RG (1998) Ecoregions map of North America:
explanatory note. Miscellaneous Publication 1548.
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, 10 pp, with
separate map at 1:15,000,000
Bailey RG (2004) Identifying ecoregion boundaries.
Environ Manage 34(Suppl 1):S14–S26
Bailey RG (2009) Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions
to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY, 251 pp
Bernert JA, Eilers JM, Sullivan TJ, Freemark KE, Ribic C
(1997) A quantitative method for delineating regions:
an example from the Western Corn Belts Ecoregions
of the USA. Environ Manage 21:405–420
Bonan GB (2002) Ecological climatology: concepts and
applications. Cambridge University Press, New York,
NY, 678 pp
de Candolle APA (1874) Constitution Dans le Regne
Vegetal de Groupes Physiologiques Applicables a la
Geographie Ancienne et Moderne. Archives des Science Physiques et Naturelles, Geneva
Gallant AL, Binnian EF, Omernik JM, Shasby MB (1995)
Ecoregions of Alaska. Professional Paper 1567. US
Geological Survey, Washington, DC, with separate
map at 1:5,000,000
Gerasimov IP (ed) (1964) Types of natural landscapes of
the earth’s land areas. Plate 75. In: Fizikogeograficheskii atlas mira (physico-geographic atlas
of the world). USSR Academy of Science and Main
Administration of Geodesy and Cartography,
Moscow. Scale 1:80,000,000
Gosz JR, Sharpe PJH (1989) Broad-scale concepts for
interactions of climate, topography, and biota at
biome transitions. Landsc Ecol 3:229–243
Harding JS, Winterbourn MJ, McDiffett WF (1997)
Stream fauna and ecoregions in South Island, New
Zealand: do they correspond? Arch Hydrobiol 140
(3):289–307
Hargrove WW, Luxmore RJ (1998) A clustering technique for the generation of customizable ecoregions.
In: Proceedings ESRI Arc/INFO users conference.
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc97/
proc97/TO250/pap226/p226.htm
Hidore JJ (1974) Physical geography: earth systems.
Scott, Foresman and Co., Glenview, IL, 418 pp
Holdridge LR (1947) Determination of world plant
formations from simple climatic data. Science
105:367–368
Host GE, Polzer PL, Mladenoff DJ, White MA, Crow TR
(1996) A quantitative approach to developing regional
ecosystem classifications. Ecol Appl 6:608–818
James PE (1959) A geography of man, 2nd edn. Ginn,
Boston, MA, 656 pp
Jepson P, Whittaker RJ (2002) Ecoregions in context: a
critique with special reference to Indonesia. Conserv
Biol 16:42–57
Ko ¨ppen W (1931) Grundriss der Klimakunde. Walter de
Gruyter, Berlin, 388 pp
Ku ¨chler AW (1964) Potential natural vegetation of the
conterminous United States. Special Publication 36.
American Geographical Society, New York, NY, 116
pp, with separate map at 1:3,168,000
Ku ¨chler AW (1973) Problems in classifying and mapping
vegetation for ecological regionalization. Ecology
54:512–523
McMahon G, Gregonis SM, Waltman SW, Omernik JM
et al (2001) Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United
States. Environ Manage 28:293–316
The Nature Conservancy (1997) Designing a geography
of hope: guidelines for ecoregion-based conservation
in The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy,
Arlington, VA, 84 pp
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess
ND et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a
new map of life on earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938
Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States (map supplement). Ann Assoc Am
Geogr 77:118–125
Omernik JM (2004) Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions. Environ Manage 34(S1):
S27–S38
Omernik JM, Bailey RG (1997) Distinguishing between
watersheds and ecoregions. J Am Water Resour Assoc
33:1–15
Schmithu ¨sen J (1976) Atlas zur biogeographie. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim-Wien-Zurich, 88 pp
Schultz J (1995) The ecozones of the world: the ecological divisions of the geosphere (trans: from German by
I. and D Jordan). Springer, Heidelberg, 449 pp
Strahler AN, Strahler AH (1989) Elements of physical
geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, NY, 562 pp
Thornthwaite CW (1931) The climates of North America
according to a new classification. Geogr Rev
21:633–655, with separate map at 1:20,000,000
Thornthwaite CW (1933) The climates of the earth. Geogr
Rev 23:433–440, with separate map at 1:77,000,000
Trewartha GT (1968) An introduction to climate, 4th edn.
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 408 pp
Trewartha GT, Robinson AH, Hammond EH (1967)
Physical elements of geography, 5th edn. McGrawHill, New York, NY, 527 pp
Troll C (1966) Seasonal climates of the earth. The seasonal course of natural phenomena in the different
climatic zones of the earth. In: Rodenwaldt E, Jusatz
HJ (eds) World maps of climatology, 3rd edn.
Springer, Berlin, pp 19–28, with separate map at
1:45,000,000 by C. Troll and K.H. Paffen
U.S. Department of Agriculture, (1938) Soils and men,
1938 yearbook of agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1232 pp
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey Staff (1975)
Soil taxonomy: a basic system for making and
interpreting soil surveys. Agriculture handbook 436.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC,
754 pp
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geo-biosphere [trans: from German by
44
4 Continental Types and Their Controls
explanatory note. Miscellaneous Publication 1548.
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, 10 pp, with
separate map at 1:15,000,000
Bailey RG (2004) Identifying ecoregion boundaries.
Environ Manage 34(Suppl 1):S14–S26
Bailey RG (2009) Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions
to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY, 251 pp
Bernert JA, Eilers JM, Sullivan TJ, Freemark KE, Ribic C
(1997) A quantitative method for delineating regions:
an example from the Western Corn Belts Ecoregions
of the USA. Environ Manage 21:405–420
Bonan GB (2002) Ecological climatology: concepts and
applications. Cambridge University Press, New York,
NY, 678 pp
de Candolle APA (1874) Constitution Dans le Regne
Vegetal de Groupes Physiologiques Applicables a la
Geographie Ancienne et Moderne. Archives des Science Physiques et Naturelles, Geneva
Gallant AL, Binnian EF, Omernik JM, Shasby MB (1995)
Ecoregions of Alaska. Professional Paper 1567. US
Geological Survey, Washington, DC, with separate
map at 1:5,000,000
Gerasimov IP (ed) (1964) Types of natural landscapes of
the earth’s land areas. Plate 75. In: Fizikogeograficheskii atlas mira (physico-geographic atlas
of the world). USSR Academy of Science and Main
Administration of Geodesy and Cartography,
Moscow. Scale 1:80,000,000
Gosz JR, Sharpe PJH (1989) Broad-scale concepts for
interactions of climate, topography, and biota at
biome transitions. Landsc Ecol 3:229–243
Harding JS, Winterbourn MJ, McDiffett WF (1997)
Stream fauna and ecoregions in South Island, New
Zealand: do they correspond? Arch Hydrobiol 140
(3):289–307
Hargrove WW, Luxmore RJ (1998) A clustering technique for the generation of customizable ecoregions.
In: Proceedings ESRI Arc/INFO users conference.
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc97/
proc97/TO250/pap226/p226.htm
Hidore JJ (1974) Physical geography: earth systems.
Scott, Foresman and Co., Glenview, IL, 418 pp
Holdridge LR (1947) Determination of world plant
formations from simple climatic data. Science
105:367–368
Host GE, Polzer PL, Mladenoff DJ, White MA, Crow TR
(1996) A quantitative approach to developing regional
ecosystem classifications. Ecol Appl 6:608–818
James PE (1959) A geography of man, 2nd edn. Ginn,
Boston, MA, 656 pp
Jepson P, Whittaker RJ (2002) Ecoregions in context: a
critique with special reference to Indonesia. Conserv
Biol 16:42–57
Ko ¨ppen W (1931) Grundriss der Klimakunde. Walter de
Gruyter, Berlin, 388 pp
Ku ¨chler AW (1964) Potential natural vegetation of the
conterminous United States. Special Publication 36.
American Geographical Society, New York, NY, 116
pp, with separate map at 1:3,168,000
Ku ¨chler AW (1973) Problems in classifying and mapping
vegetation for ecological regionalization. Ecology
54:512–523
McMahon G, Gregonis SM, Waltman SW, Omernik JM
et al (2001) Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United
States. Environ Manage 28:293–316
The Nature Conservancy (1997) Designing a geography
of hope: guidelines for ecoregion-based conservation
in The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy,
Arlington, VA, 84 pp
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess
ND et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a
new map of life on earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938
Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States (map supplement). Ann Assoc Am
Geogr 77:118–125
Omernik JM (2004) Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions. Environ Manage 34(S1):
S27–S38
Omernik JM, Bailey RG (1997) Distinguishing between
watersheds and ecoregions. J Am Water Resour Assoc
33:1–15
Schmithu ¨sen J (1976) Atlas zur biogeographie. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim-Wien-Zurich, 88 pp
Schultz J (1995) The ecozones of the world: the ecological divisions of the geosphere (trans: from German by
I. and D Jordan). Springer, Heidelberg, 449 pp
Strahler AN, Strahler AH (1989) Elements of physical
geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, NY, 562 pp
Thornthwaite CW (1931) The climates of North America
according to a new classification. Geogr Rev
21:633–655, with separate map at 1:20,000,000
Thornthwaite CW (1933) The climates of the earth. Geogr
Rev 23:433–440, with separate map at 1:77,000,000
Trewartha GT (1968) An introduction to climate, 4th edn.
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 408 pp
Trewartha GT, Robinson AH, Hammond EH (1967)
Physical elements of geography, 5th edn. McGrawHill, New York, NY, 527 pp
Troll C (1966) Seasonal climates of the earth. The seasonal course of natural phenomena in the different
climatic zones of the earth. In: Rodenwaldt E, Jusatz
HJ (eds) World maps of climatology, 3rd edn.
Springer, Berlin, pp 19–28, with separate map at
1:45,000,000 by C. Troll and K.H. Paffen
U.S. Department of Agriculture, (1938) Soils and men,
1938 yearbook of agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1232 pp
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey Staff (1975)
Soil taxonomy: a basic system for making and
interpreting soil surveys. Agriculture handbook 436.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC,
754 pp
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geo-biosphere [trans: from German by
44
4 Continental Types and Their Controls