Nielson RP (1987) Biotic regionalization and climatic
controls in western North America. Vegetatio
70:135–147
Noss RF (1983) A regional landscape approach to
maintaining diversity. Bioscience 33:700–706
Olson JS, Watts JS (1982) Major world ecosystem
complexes. In: Carbon in live vegetation of major
world ecosystems. ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 1:30,000,000
Oosting HJ (1956) The study of plant communities, 2nd
edn. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 440 pp
Orme AR (ed) (2002) The physical geography of North
America. Oxford University Press, New York, 551 pp
Pojar J, Klinka K, Meidinger DV (1987) Biogeoclimatic
ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For Ecol
Manage 22:119–154
Rowe JS (1962) The geographic ecosystem. Ecology
43:575–576
Shantz HL, Marbut CF (1923) The vegetation and soils of
Africa. Research series 13. American Geographical
Society, New York, 263 pp
Shelford VE (1963) The ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 609 pp
Smith RL (1996) Ecology and field biology, 5th edn.
HarperCollins, New York, 733 pp
Stephenson NL (1990) Climatic control of vegetation
distribution: the role of the water balance. Am Nat
135:649–670
Sukachev V, Dylis N (1964) Fundamentals of forest
biogeocoenology (trans. from Russian by J.M.
Maclennan). Oliver & Bond, London, 672 pp
Swanson FJ, Kratz TK, Caine N, Woodmansee RG (1988)
Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes. Bioscience 38:92–98
Troll C (1971) Landscape ecology (geoecology) and
biogeocenology—a terminology study. Geoforum
8:43–46
Tukhanen S (1986) Delimitation of climaticphytogeographical regions at the high-latitude area.
Nordia 20:105–112
Veatch JO (1930) Natural geographic divisions of land.
Mich Acad Sci Arts Lett 19:417–427
Volubief VP (1953) Soils and climate. Azerbaijan Academy of Science, Baku, 319 pp
Walter H (1977) Vegetationszonen und klima: die
o ¨kologische gliederung der biogeospha ¨re. Eugen
Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 309 pp
Walter H, Breckle SW (1985) Ecological systems of the
geobiosphere, vol 1: Ecological principles in global
perspective (trans. from German by S. Gruber).
Springer, Berlin, 242 pp
Whittaker RH (1975) Communities and ecosystems, 2nd
edn. MacMillan, New York, 387 pp
Woodward SL (2003) Biomes of Earth: terrestrial,
aquatic, and human-dominated. Greenwood Press,
Westport, CT, 456 pp
Yoshino MM (1975) Climate in a small area: an introduction to local meteorology. University of Tokyo Press,
Tokyo, 549 pp
On Regional Systems: Polar
Hare FK (1950) Climate and zonal divisions of the boreal
forest formation in eastern Canada. Geogr Rev
40:615–635
Hare FK, Ritchie JC (1972) The boreal bioclimates.
Geogr Rev 62:333–365
Ives JD, Barry RG (eds) (1974) Arctic and alpine
environments. Methuen, London, 999 pp
Pielke RA, Vidale PL (1995) The boreal forest and the
polar front. J Geophys Res 100:25,755–25,758
Polunin N (1951) The real Arctic: suggestions for its
delimitation, subdivision and characterization. J Ecol
39:308–315
Quinn JA (2008) Arctic and alpine biomes. Greenwood
Press, Westport, CT, 218 pp
Schlutz J (1995) See Chapters 3.1 and 3.2
Shear JA (1964) The polar marine climate. Ann Assoc
Am Geogr 54:310–317
Silver KC, Carroll M (2013) A comparative review of
North American tundra delineations. ISPRS Int J GeoInf 2:324–348
Tricart J (1970) Geomorphology of cold environments
(trans. from French by Edward Watson). Macmillan,
London, 320 pp
Humid Temperate
Albert DA (1995) Regional landscape ecosystems of
Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working
map and classification. U.S. Forest Service General
Technical Report NC-178. North Central Forest
Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 250 pp
Albert DA, Denton SR, Barnes BV (1986) Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan. University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, 32 pp With separate map at
1:1,000,000
Allen HD (2001) Mediterranean ecogeography. Pearson
Education, Harlow, England, 263 pp
Borchert JF (1950) The climate of the central North
American grassland. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 40:1–39
Braun EL (1950) Deciduous forests of eastern
North America (reprinted 1964). Hafner, New York,
596 pp
Di Castri F, Goodall DW, Specht RL (eds) (1981)
Mediterranean-type shrublands. Ecosystems of the
World 11. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 643 pp
Dix RL, Smeins FE (1967) The prairie, meadow, and
marsh vegetation of Nelson County, North Dakota.
Can J Bota 45:21–58
Kuennecke BH (2008) Temperate forest biomes. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 193 pp
Orme AT, Bailey RG (1971) Vegetation and channel
geometry in Monroe Canyon, southern California.
Yearb Assoc Pac Coast Geogr 33:65–82
Bibliography
161
controls in western North America. Vegetatio
70:135–147
Noss RF (1983) A regional landscape approach to
maintaining diversity. Bioscience 33:700–706
Olson JS, Watts JS (1982) Major world ecosystem
complexes. In: Carbon in live vegetation of major
world ecosystems. ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 1:30,000,000
Oosting HJ (1956) The study of plant communities, 2nd
edn. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 440 pp
Orme AR (ed) (2002) The physical geography of North
America. Oxford University Press, New York, 551 pp
Pojar J, Klinka K, Meidinger DV (1987) Biogeoclimatic
ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For Ecol
Manage 22:119–154
Rowe JS (1962) The geographic ecosystem. Ecology
43:575–576
Shantz HL, Marbut CF (1923) The vegetation and soils of
Africa. Research series 13. American Geographical
Society, New York, 263 pp
Shelford VE (1963) The ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 609 pp
Smith RL (1996) Ecology and field biology, 5th edn.
HarperCollins, New York, 733 pp
Stephenson NL (1990) Climatic control of vegetation
distribution: the role of the water balance. Am Nat
135:649–670
Sukachev V, Dylis N (1964) Fundamentals of forest
biogeocoenology (trans. from Russian by J.M.
Maclennan). Oliver & Bond, London, 672 pp
Swanson FJ, Kratz TK, Caine N, Woodmansee RG (1988)
Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes. Bioscience 38:92–98
Troll C (1971) Landscape ecology (geoecology) and
biogeocenology—a terminology study. Geoforum
8:43–46
Tukhanen S (1986) Delimitation of climaticphytogeographical regions at the high-latitude area.
Nordia 20:105–112
Veatch JO (1930) Natural geographic divisions of land.
Mich Acad Sci Arts Lett 19:417–427
Volubief VP (1953) Soils and climate. Azerbaijan Academy of Science, Baku, 319 pp
Walter H (1977) Vegetationszonen und klima: die
o ¨kologische gliederung der biogeospha ¨re. Eugen
Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 309 pp
Walter H, Breckle SW (1985) Ecological systems of the
geobiosphere, vol 1: Ecological principles in global
perspective (trans. from German by S. Gruber).
Springer, Berlin, 242 pp
Whittaker RH (1975) Communities and ecosystems, 2nd
edn. MacMillan, New York, 387 pp
Woodward SL (2003) Biomes of Earth: terrestrial,
aquatic, and human-dominated. Greenwood Press,
Westport, CT, 456 pp
Yoshino MM (1975) Climate in a small area: an introduction to local meteorology. University of Tokyo Press,
Tokyo, 549 pp
On Regional Systems: Polar
Hare FK (1950) Climate and zonal divisions of the boreal
forest formation in eastern Canada. Geogr Rev
40:615–635
Hare FK, Ritchie JC (1972) The boreal bioclimates.
Geogr Rev 62:333–365
Ives JD, Barry RG (eds) (1974) Arctic and alpine
environments. Methuen, London, 999 pp
Pielke RA, Vidale PL (1995) The boreal forest and the
polar front. J Geophys Res 100:25,755–25,758
Polunin N (1951) The real Arctic: suggestions for its
delimitation, subdivision and characterization. J Ecol
39:308–315
Quinn JA (2008) Arctic and alpine biomes. Greenwood
Press, Westport, CT, 218 pp
Schlutz J (1995) See Chapters 3.1 and 3.2
Shear JA (1964) The polar marine climate. Ann Assoc
Am Geogr 54:310–317
Silver KC, Carroll M (2013) A comparative review of
North American tundra delineations. ISPRS Int J GeoInf 2:324–348
Tricart J (1970) Geomorphology of cold environments
(trans. from French by Edward Watson). Macmillan,
London, 320 pp
Humid Temperate
Albert DA (1995) Regional landscape ecosystems of
Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working
map and classification. U.S. Forest Service General
Technical Report NC-178. North Central Forest
Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 250 pp
Albert DA, Denton SR, Barnes BV (1986) Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan. University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, 32 pp With separate map at
1:1,000,000
Allen HD (2001) Mediterranean ecogeography. Pearson
Education, Harlow, England, 263 pp
Borchert JF (1950) The climate of the central North
American grassland. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 40:1–39
Braun EL (1950) Deciduous forests of eastern
North America (reprinted 1964). Hafner, New York,
596 pp
Di Castri F, Goodall DW, Specht RL (eds) (1981)
Mediterranean-type shrublands. Ecosystems of the
World 11. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 643 pp
Dix RL, Smeins FE (1967) The prairie, meadow, and
marsh vegetation of Nelson County, North Dakota.
Can J Bota 45:21–58
Kuennecke BH (2008) Temperate forest biomes. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 193 pp
Orme AT, Bailey RG (1971) Vegetation and channel
geometry in Monroe Canyon, southern California.
Yearb Assoc Pac Coast Geogr 33:65–82
Bibliography
161