go on to explore how understanding fire regimes
at this scale can abate the threat of fire exclusion
and restore fire-adapted ecosystems.
References
Agricultural Research Service (2012) USDA plant hardiness zone map. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Available online: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov
Bailey RG (1974) Land capability classification of the Lake
Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada: a guide for planning.
USDA Forest Service in cooperation with the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.
With separate map at three-quarter in. equal 1 mile
Bailey RG (1976) Map: ecoregions of the United States.
USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden,
UT. Scale 1:7,500,000
Bailey RG (1984) Testing an ecosystem regionalization. J
Environ Manage 19:239–248
Bailey RG (1988) Problems with using overlay mapping
for planning and their implications for geographic
information systems. Environ Manage 12:11–17
Bailey RG (1991) Design of ecological networks for
monitoring global change. Environ Conserv
18:173–175
Bailey RG (1995) Description of the ecoregions of the
United States, 2nd edn rev. and expanded (1st edn
1980). Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391 (rev.).
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 108 pp with
separate map at 1:7,500,000
Bailey RG (2002) Ecoregion-based design for
sustainability. Springer, New York, 222 pp
Bailey RG (2009a) Research applications of ecosystem
patterns. In: McRoberts RE, Reams GA, Van Deuse
PC, McWilliams WH (eds) Proceedings of the eighth
annual forest inventory and analysis symposium.
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, pp 83–90,
16–19 Oct 2006, Monterey, CA. General Technical
Report WO-79
Bailey RG (2009b) Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions
to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, 251 pp
Barnett DL, Browning WD [illustrations by Uncapher JL]
(1995) A primer on sustainable building. Rocky
Mountain Institute, Snowmass, CO, 135 pp
Beckinsale RP (1971) River regimes. In: Chorley RJ (ed)
Introduction to physical hydrology. Methuen, London,
pp 176–192
Burger D (1976) The concept of ecosystem region in site
classification. In: Proceedings, International Union of
Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) XVI World
Congress, Division I: 20 June-2 July 1776; Oslo,
Norway, pp 213–218
Casler MD (2012) Switchgrass breeding, genetics, and
geonomics. In: Monti A (ed) Switchgrass: a valuable
biomass crop for energy. Springer, New York, pp 29–53
Cathey HM (1990) USDA plant hardiness zone map. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USDA
miscellaneous publication no. 1475
Cleland DT, Freeouf JA, Keys JE et al (2007) Map:
ecological subregions: sections and subsections for
the conterminous United States. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. General Technical Report
WO-76. Scale 1:3,500,000
Cock MJW, Kuhlmann U, Schaffner U, Bigler F,
Babendreier D (2006) The usefulness of the ecoregion
concept for safer import of invertebrate biological control agents. In: Bigler F, Babendreier D, Kuhlmann U
(eds) Environmental impact of invertebrates for
biological control of arthropods: methods and risk
assessment. CABI Publishing, Switzerland, pp 202–221
Conkling BL, Coulston JW, Ambrose MJ (eds) (2005)
Forest health monitoring, 2001 national technical
report. General Technical Report SRS-81. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville,
NC, 204 pp
Corace RG, Shartell LM, Schulte LA et al (2012) An
ecoregional context for forest management on
National Wildlife Refuges of the Upper Midwest,
USA. Environ Manage 49:359–371
Cordell HK (2012) The diversity of wilderness:
ecosystems represented in the U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System. Int J Wilderness 18
(2):15–25, 38
Cowardin LM, Carter V, Golet FC, LaRoe ET (1979)
Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of
the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 103 pp
Dey DC, Spetich MA, Weigel DR et al (2009) A
suggested approach for design of oak (Quercus L.)
regeneration
research
considering
regional
differences. New Forests 37:123–125
Doe WW, Shaw RB, Bailey RG, Jones DS, Macia TE
(2000) U.S. Army training and testing lands: an
ecoregional framework for assessment. In: Palka EJ,
Galgano FA (eds) The scope of military geography:
across the spectrum from peacetime to war. McGrawHill, New York, pp 373–392
Dranstad WE, Olson JD, Forman RTT (1996) Landscape
ecology principles in landscape architecture and landuse planning. Island Press, Washington, DC, 80 pp
Table 12.2 Relationships between vegetation and landform in various ecoregions in Ontario, Canada
Ecoregion
Topoclimate
Hotter
Normal
Colder
1
P
2
P
P
3
P
P
4
A
P
P
5
A
A,P
6
C
A,P
7
C,A
From Burger (1976)
P Picea glauca (white spruce), A Acer saccharum (sugar
maple), C Carya ovata (shagbark hickory)
124
12 Applications of Ecoregional Patterns
at this scale can abate the threat of fire exclusion
and restore fire-adapted ecosystems.
References
Agricultural Research Service (2012) USDA plant hardiness zone map. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Available online: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov
Bailey RG (1974) Land capability classification of the Lake
Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada: a guide for planning.
USDA Forest Service in cooperation with the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.
With separate map at three-quarter in. equal 1 mile
Bailey RG (1976) Map: ecoregions of the United States.
USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden,
UT. Scale 1:7,500,000
Bailey RG (1984) Testing an ecosystem regionalization. J
Environ Manage 19:239–248
Bailey RG (1988) Problems with using overlay mapping
for planning and their implications for geographic
information systems. Environ Manage 12:11–17
Bailey RG (1991) Design of ecological networks for
monitoring global change. Environ Conserv
18:173–175
Bailey RG (1995) Description of the ecoregions of the
United States, 2nd edn rev. and expanded (1st edn
1980). Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391 (rev.).
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 108 pp with
separate map at 1:7,500,000
Bailey RG (2002) Ecoregion-based design for
sustainability. Springer, New York, 222 pp
Bailey RG (2009a) Research applications of ecosystem
patterns. In: McRoberts RE, Reams GA, Van Deuse
PC, McWilliams WH (eds) Proceedings of the eighth
annual forest inventory and analysis symposium.
USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, pp 83–90,
16–19 Oct 2006, Monterey, CA. General Technical
Report WO-79
Bailey RG (2009b) Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions
to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, 251 pp
Barnett DL, Browning WD [illustrations by Uncapher JL]
(1995) A primer on sustainable building. Rocky
Mountain Institute, Snowmass, CO, 135 pp
Beckinsale RP (1971) River regimes. In: Chorley RJ (ed)
Introduction to physical hydrology. Methuen, London,
pp 176–192
Burger D (1976) The concept of ecosystem region in site
classification. In: Proceedings, International Union of
Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) XVI World
Congress, Division I: 20 June-2 July 1776; Oslo,
Norway, pp 213–218
Casler MD (2012) Switchgrass breeding, genetics, and
geonomics. In: Monti A (ed) Switchgrass: a valuable
biomass crop for energy. Springer, New York, pp 29–53
Cathey HM (1990) USDA plant hardiness zone map. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USDA
miscellaneous publication no. 1475
Cleland DT, Freeouf JA, Keys JE et al (2007) Map:
ecological subregions: sections and subsections for
the conterminous United States. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. General Technical Report
WO-76. Scale 1:3,500,000
Cock MJW, Kuhlmann U, Schaffner U, Bigler F,
Babendreier D (2006) The usefulness of the ecoregion
concept for safer import of invertebrate biological control agents. In: Bigler F, Babendreier D, Kuhlmann U
(eds) Environmental impact of invertebrates for
biological control of arthropods: methods and risk
assessment. CABI Publishing, Switzerland, pp 202–221
Conkling BL, Coulston JW, Ambrose MJ (eds) (2005)
Forest health monitoring, 2001 national technical
report. General Technical Report SRS-81. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville,
NC, 204 pp
Corace RG, Shartell LM, Schulte LA et al (2012) An
ecoregional context for forest management on
National Wildlife Refuges of the Upper Midwest,
USA. Environ Manage 49:359–371
Cordell HK (2012) The diversity of wilderness:
ecosystems represented in the U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System. Int J Wilderness 18
(2):15–25, 38
Cowardin LM, Carter V, Golet FC, LaRoe ET (1979)
Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of
the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 103 pp
Dey DC, Spetich MA, Weigel DR et al (2009) A
suggested approach for design of oak (Quercus L.)
regeneration
research
considering
regional
differences. New Forests 37:123–125
Doe WW, Shaw RB, Bailey RG, Jones DS, Macia TE
(2000) U.S. Army training and testing lands: an
ecoregional framework for assessment. In: Palka EJ,
Galgano FA (eds) The scope of military geography:
across the spectrum from peacetime to war. McGrawHill, New York, pp 373–392
Dranstad WE, Olson JD, Forman RTT (1996) Landscape
ecology principles in landscape architecture and landuse planning. Island Press, Washington, DC, 80 pp
Table 12.2 Relationships between vegetation and landform in various ecoregions in Ontario, Canada
Ecoregion
Topoclimate
Hotter
Normal
Colder
1
P
2
P
P
3
P
P
4
A
P
P
5
A
A,P
6
C
A,P
7
C,A
From Burger (1976)
P Picea glauca (white spruce), A Acer saccharum (sugar
maple), C Carya ovata (shagbark hickory)
124
12 Applications of Ecoregional Patterns