69
2.7 Problems
Problem 1
What is the difference between bulk parameters
and acoustic/elastic parameters concerning the
distribution of pore fluid and sediment grains ?
Problem 2
Which direct and which indirect methods do you
know to determine the porosity and wet bulk
density of marine sediment, which of both parameters is primarily determined by each method,
and how can porosity values be converted to
density values and vice versa ?
Problem 3
Assume that you have recovered a sediment core
in the Antarctic Ocean close to the Polar Frontal
Zone. The core is composed of an interlayering of
calcareous and siliceous sediments. You would
like to determine the downcore porosity and wet
bulk density logs by electrical resitivity measurements. What do you have to consider during
conversion of porosities to wet bulk densities ?
Problem 4
Which sediment property mainly influences the
ultrasonic acoustic wave propagation (50 - 500 kHz),
and how affects it the P-wave velocity and
attenuation in terrigenous and calcareous sediments ?
Problem 5
Which parameter determines the amplitude or
strength of reflection horizons during sediment
echosounding, and which are the two physical
properties that contribute to it ?
References
Aki K., Richards P.G., 2002. Quantitative Seismology.
University Science Books, 700 pp
Archie G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an aid
in determining some reservoir characteristics. Transactions of the American Institute of Mineralogical,
Metalurgical and Petrological Engineering 146: 54-62
Barker P.F., Kennett J.P. et al., 1990. Proceedings of the
Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113, College
Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1033 pp
Bell D.W., Shirley D.J., 1980. Temperature variation of
the acoustical properties of laboratory sediments.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68: 2272 3 1
Bergmann U., 1996. Interpretation of digital Parasound
echosounder records of the eastern Arctic Ocean on
the basis of sediment physical properties. Rep. on
Polar Research, Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar
and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 183: 164 pp
Berryman J.G., 1980. Confirmation of Biot’s theory.
Applied Physics Letters 37: 382-384
Biot M.A., 1956a. Theory of propagation of elastic
waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. II. Higher
frequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 28: 179-191
Biot M.A., 1956b. Theory of wave propagation of elastic
waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. I. Lowfrequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 28: 168-178
Bleil U. et al., 1994. Report and preliminary results of
Meteor cruise M29/2 Montevideo - Rio de Janeiro,
15.07. - 08.08.1994. Ber. FB Geow. Univ. Bremen 59:
153 pp
Blum P., 1997. Physical properties handbook: a guide to
the shipboard measurement of physical properties of
deep-sea cores. Technical Note 26, Ocean Drilling
Program, College Station, Texas
Bodwadkar S.V., Reis J.C., 1994. Porosity measurements
of core samples using gamma-ray attenuation.
Nuclear Geophysics 8: 61-78
Boyce R.E., 1968. Electrical resistivity of modern
marine sediments from the Bering Sea. Journal of
Geophysical Research 73: 4759-4766
Boyce R.E., 1973. Appendix I. Physical properties -
Methods. In: Edgar NT, Sanders JB et al (eds) Initial
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 15, Washington, US Government Printing Office, pp 1115-1127
Boyce R.E., 1976. Definitions and laboratory techniques
of compressional sound velocity parameters and wetwater content, wet-bulk density, and porosity
parameters by gravity and gamma ray attenuation
techniques. In: Schlanger S.O., Jackson E.D. et al
(eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project
33, Washington, US Government Printing Office, pp
931-958
Breitzke M., Spieß V., 1993. An automated full waveform
logging system for high-resolution P-wave profiles in
marine sediments. Marine Geophysical Researches 15:
297-321
Breitzke M., Grobe H., Kuhn G., Müller P., 1996. Full
waveform ultrasonic transmission seismograms - a
fast new method for the determination of physical
and sedimentological parameters in marine sediment
cores. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 2212322141
References
2.7 Problems
Problem 1
What is the difference between bulk parameters
and acoustic/elastic parameters concerning the
distribution of pore fluid and sediment grains ?
Problem 2
Which direct and which indirect methods do you
know to determine the porosity and wet bulk
density of marine sediment, which of both parameters is primarily determined by each method,
and how can porosity values be converted to
density values and vice versa ?
Problem 3
Assume that you have recovered a sediment core
in the Antarctic Ocean close to the Polar Frontal
Zone. The core is composed of an interlayering of
calcareous and siliceous sediments. You would
like to determine the downcore porosity and wet
bulk density logs by electrical resitivity measurements. What do you have to consider during
conversion of porosities to wet bulk densities ?
Problem 4
Which sediment property mainly influences the
ultrasonic acoustic wave propagation (50 - 500 kHz),
and how affects it the P-wave velocity and
attenuation in terrigenous and calcareous sediments ?
Problem 5
Which parameter determines the amplitude or
strength of reflection horizons during sediment
echosounding, and which are the two physical
properties that contribute to it ?
References
Aki K., Richards P.G., 2002. Quantitative Seismology.
University Science Books, 700 pp
Archie G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an aid
in determining some reservoir characteristics. Transactions of the American Institute of Mineralogical,
Metalurgical and Petrological Engineering 146: 54-62
Barker P.F., Kennett J.P. et al., 1990. Proceedings of the
Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113, College
Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1033 pp
Bell D.W., Shirley D.J., 1980. Temperature variation of
the acoustical properties of laboratory sediments.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68: 2272 3 1
Bergmann U., 1996. Interpretation of digital Parasound
echosounder records of the eastern Arctic Ocean on
the basis of sediment physical properties. Rep. on
Polar Research, Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar
and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 183: 164 pp
Berryman J.G., 1980. Confirmation of Biot’s theory.
Applied Physics Letters 37: 382-384
Biot M.A., 1956a. Theory of propagation of elastic
waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. II. Higher
frequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 28: 179-191
Biot M.A., 1956b. Theory of wave propagation of elastic
waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. I. Lowfrequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 28: 168-178
Bleil U. et al., 1994. Report and preliminary results of
Meteor cruise M29/2 Montevideo - Rio de Janeiro,
15.07. - 08.08.1994. Ber. FB Geow. Univ. Bremen 59:
153 pp
Blum P., 1997. Physical properties handbook: a guide to
the shipboard measurement of physical properties of
deep-sea cores. Technical Note 26, Ocean Drilling
Program, College Station, Texas
Bodwadkar S.V., Reis J.C., 1994. Porosity measurements
of core samples using gamma-ray attenuation.
Nuclear Geophysics 8: 61-78
Boyce R.E., 1968. Electrical resistivity of modern
marine sediments from the Bering Sea. Journal of
Geophysical Research 73: 4759-4766
Boyce R.E., 1973. Appendix I. Physical properties -
Methods. In: Edgar NT, Sanders JB et al (eds) Initial
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 15, Washington, US Government Printing Office, pp 1115-1127
Boyce R.E., 1976. Definitions and laboratory techniques
of compressional sound velocity parameters and wetwater content, wet-bulk density, and porosity
parameters by gravity and gamma ray attenuation
techniques. In: Schlanger S.O., Jackson E.D. et al
(eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project
33, Washington, US Government Printing Office, pp
931-958
Breitzke M., Spieß V., 1993. An automated full waveform
logging system for high-resolution P-wave profiles in
marine sediments. Marine Geophysical Researches 15:
297-321
Breitzke M., Grobe H., Kuhn G., Müller P., 1996. Full
waveform ultrasonic transmission seismograms - a
fast new method for the determination of physical
and sedimentological parameters in marine sediment
cores. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 2212322141
References