3 Summary
In this chapter I have described the latest efforts in sea spray aerosol flux studies.
The SSA fluxes have a great influence on air-sea interaction processes and thus the
climate processes. Several aspects of the studies on the SSA transfer have still low
scientific understanding. Meskhidze et al. (2013) presented an understanding level
of each SSA study aspects (Table 3).
The main components with the lowest understanding and the greatest impact,
according to Meskhidze et al. (2013) include:
1. Size-resolved chemical composition/hygroscopicity,
2. Mixing state
3. Wet removal,
4. Photochemical aging,
Table 2 Comparison of the source functions used by Grythe et al. (2013) with selected
components
Reference
D p
Type
Pg year
−1
±
Monahan et al. (1986)
0.8–8
Exp.
4.51
0.44
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
5.87
0.57
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
1.83
0.18
Gong (2003)
0.07–20
Lab.
5.95
0.58
Clarke et al. (2006)
0.01–8
Surf exp.
22.6
2.19
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
2.59
0.33
Gong (2003)
0.07–20
Modified
4.59
0.57
Monahan et al. (1986)
0.1–10
Exp.
5.20
0.50
Jaeglé et al. (2011)
0.07–20
Model
4.86
0.34
Jaeglé et al. (2011)
0.07–20
Model
4.20
0.39
<20
Model
17.43
1.01
Smith et al. (1993)
0.3–25
Exp.
2.90
0.20
Smith and Harrison (1998)
1 –300
Dry dep.
6.67
0.66
Lewis and Shwartz (2004)
1 –25
Multiple
73.53
5.82
Andreas (1998)
1 –20
Modified
10.14
0.69
Andreas (1990)
0.08–15
Multiple
605
43.8
De Leeuw et al. (2000)
0.8–10
Surf Exp.
2,444
491
Andreas (1992)
0.08–15
Modified
5.65
0.45
Petelski and Piskozub (2006)
0.25–7.5
Exp.
167.8
0.92
Andreas (2007)
0.25–7.5
Modified
7.09
14.44
Norris et al. (2008)
<2.4
Field.
3.25
0.68
Grythe et al. (2013)
0.01–10
Model
8.91
0.61
D p is a dry diameter. “Type” is the source function determination method. The fourth column
presents the annual averaged global production from over 25 years. The data comes from the
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The last column presents
difference in mass between maximum and minimum year, given in Pg
Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes in the Near Water Boundary Layer …
45
In this chapter I have described the latest efforts in sea spray aerosol flux studies.
The SSA fluxes have a great influence on air-sea interaction processes and thus the
climate processes. Several aspects of the studies on the SSA transfer have still low
scientific understanding. Meskhidze et al. (2013) presented an understanding level
of each SSA study aspects (Table 3).
The main components with the lowest understanding and the greatest impact,
according to Meskhidze et al. (2013) include:
1. Size-resolved chemical composition/hygroscopicity,
2. Mixing state
3. Wet removal,
4. Photochemical aging,
Table 2 Comparison of the source functions used by Grythe et al. (2013) with selected
components
Reference
D p
Type
Pg year
−1
±
Monahan et al. (1986)
0.8–8
Exp.
4.51
0.44
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
5.87
0.57
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
1.83
0.18
Gong (2003)
0.07–20
Lab.
5.95
0.58
Clarke et al. (2006)
0.01–8
Surf exp.
22.6
2.19
Sofiev et al. (2011)
0.01–10
Modified
2.59
0.33
Gong (2003)
0.07–20
Modified
4.59
0.57
Monahan et al. (1986)
0.1–10
Exp.
5.20
0.50
Jaeglé et al. (2011)
0.07–20
Model
4.86
0.34
Jaeglé et al. (2011)
0.07–20
Model
4.20
0.39
<20
Model
17.43
1.01
Smith et al. (1993)
0.3–25
Exp.
2.90
0.20
Smith and Harrison (1998)
1 –300
Dry dep.
6.67
0.66
Lewis and Shwartz (2004)
1 –25
Multiple
73.53
5.82
Andreas (1998)
1 –20
Modified
10.14
0.69
Andreas (1990)
0.08–15
Multiple
605
43.8
De Leeuw et al. (2000)
0.8–10
Surf Exp.
2,444
491
Andreas (1992)
0.08–15
Modified
5.65
0.45
Petelski and Piskozub (2006)
0.25–7.5
Exp.
167.8
0.92
Andreas (2007)
0.25–7.5
Modified
7.09
14.44
Norris et al. (2008)
<2.4
Field.
3.25
0.68
Grythe et al. (2013)
0.01–10
Model
8.91
0.61
D p is a dry diameter. “Type” is the source function determination method. The fourth column
presents the annual averaged global production from over 25 years. The data comes from the
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The last column presents
difference in mass between maximum and minimum year, given in Pg
Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes in the Near Water Boundary Layer …
45