XI
5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal . . . . . . . . .
84
5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements
84
5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization"
Problem. . . . . . . .
86
5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals
in Chronologies . . . . . . . .
86
5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal
87
5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships
90
5.7 Discussion.
93
5.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between Worldwide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability 95
by M. NEIL WARD
6.1 Introduction............................ 95
6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere . . . . . .
96
6.2.1 Tropics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2.2 Extratropics........................ 97
6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature:
EOFs and Rotated EOFs
98
6.3.1 Introduction
98
6.3.2 SST Data . .
98
6.3.3 EOF method
98
6.3.4 EOFs p1_p3
99
6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs
101
6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated
with the SST Patterns p2, p3 and pA in JAS. . . . . . . .. 101
6.4.1 Data and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101
6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with
EOF p2 .......................... 106
6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with
EOF p3 .......................... 107
6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with
Rotated EOF PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and
Marine Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . .
109
6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa. . . . . . .
109
6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations
110
6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations.
116
6.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116