Dai A (2001) Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part I: seasonal and interannual
variations. J Climate 14:1092–1111
Ellis TD, L’Ecuyer T, Haynes JM, Stephens GL (2009) How often does it rain over the global
oceans? The perspective from CloudSat. Geophys Res Lett 36:L03815
Ha E, North GR (1995) Model study of the beam-filling error for rainfall retrieval with microwave
radiometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 12:268–281
Hollinger JP, Pierce JL, Poe GA (1990) SSM/I instrument evaluation. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote
Sens 28:781–790
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Arkin P, Chang ATC, Ferrero R, Gruber A, Janowiak J, McNab A,
Rudolph B, Schneider U (1997) The global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:5–20
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Morrissey M, Bolvin DT, Curtis S, Joyce R, McGavock B, Susskind J
(2001) Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations.
J Hydrometeorol 2:36–50
Inoue T (1987) An instantaneous delineation of convective rainfall area using split window data of
NOAA-7 AVHRR. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 65:469–481
Kafatos M, Chiu LS, Yang RX et al (2001) Interannual variation of oceanic precipitation, IGARSS
2001: scanning the present and resolving the future, vol 1–7, Proceedings, in IEEE international symposium on geoscience and remote sensing (IGARSS), pp 1143–1145
Kedem B, Chiu LS (1987a) On the lognormality of rain rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:901–905
Kedem B, Chiu LS (1987b) Are rain rate processes self–similar? Water Resour Res 23:1816–1818
Kedem B, Chiu LS, North G (1990) Estimation of mean rain rate: application to satellite
observation. J Geophys Res 95:1965–1972
Kubota T, Shige S, Aonashi K, Okamoto K (2009) Development of nonuniform beamfilling
correction method in rainfall retrievals for passive microwave radiometers over ocean using
TRMM observations. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87a:153–164
Kummerow C (1998) Beamfilling errors in passive microwave rainfall retrievals. J Appl Meteorol
37:356–370
Kummerow C et al (2000) The status of the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) after
2 years in orbit. J Appl Meteorol 39:1965–1982
Kummerow C, Poyner P, Berg W, Thomas-Stahle J (2004) The effects of rainfall inhomogeneity
on climate variability of rainfall estimated from passive microwave sensors. J Atmos Ocean
Technol 21:624–638
Kunkee DB, Poe GA, Boucher DJ, Swadley SD, Hong Y, Wessel JE, Uliana EA (2008) Design and
evaluation of the first special sensor microwave imager/sounder. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote
Sens 46:863–883
Lafont D, Guillemet B (2004) Subpixel fractional cloud cover and inhomogeneity effects on
microwave beam-filling error. Atmos Res 72:149–168
Lin J-L (2007) The double-ITCZ problem in IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs: ocean-atmosphere
feedback analysis. J Climate 20:4497–4525
Liu WT, Xie X (2002) Double intertropical convergence zones–a new look using scatterometer.
Geophys Res Lett 29:2072
Lovejoy G, Austin G (1979) The delineation of rain areas from visible and IR satellite data for
GATE and mid-latitudes. Atmos-Ocean 17:77–92
Marshall JS, Palmer W (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. J Meteorol 5:165–166
North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF, Moeng FJ (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical
orthogonal functions. Mon Weather Rev 110:699–706
Petty GW (1995) Frequencies and characteristics of global oceanic precipitation from shipboard
present-weather reports. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1593–1616
Petty G (1997) An intercomparison of oceanic precipitation frequencies from 10 special sensor
microwave/imager rain rate algorithms and shipboard present weather reports. J Geophys Res
102:1757–1777
Shimizu S, Oki R, Tagawa T, Iguchi T, Hirose M (2009) Evaluation of the effects of the orbit boost
of the TRMM satellite on PR rain estimates. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87:83–92
244
L.S. Chiu et al.
variations. J Climate 14:1092–1111
Ellis TD, L’Ecuyer T, Haynes JM, Stephens GL (2009) How often does it rain over the global
oceans? The perspective from CloudSat. Geophys Res Lett 36:L03815
Ha E, North GR (1995) Model study of the beam-filling error for rainfall retrieval with microwave
radiometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 12:268–281
Hollinger JP, Pierce JL, Poe GA (1990) SSM/I instrument evaluation. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote
Sens 28:781–790
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Arkin P, Chang ATC, Ferrero R, Gruber A, Janowiak J, McNab A,
Rudolph B, Schneider U (1997) The global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:5–20
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Morrissey M, Bolvin DT, Curtis S, Joyce R, McGavock B, Susskind J
(2001) Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations.
J Hydrometeorol 2:36–50
Inoue T (1987) An instantaneous delineation of convective rainfall area using split window data of
NOAA-7 AVHRR. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 65:469–481
Kafatos M, Chiu LS, Yang RX et al (2001) Interannual variation of oceanic precipitation, IGARSS
2001: scanning the present and resolving the future, vol 1–7, Proceedings, in IEEE international symposium on geoscience and remote sensing (IGARSS), pp 1143–1145
Kedem B, Chiu LS (1987a) On the lognormality of rain rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:901–905
Kedem B, Chiu LS (1987b) Are rain rate processes self–similar? Water Resour Res 23:1816–1818
Kedem B, Chiu LS, North G (1990) Estimation of mean rain rate: application to satellite
observation. J Geophys Res 95:1965–1972
Kubota T, Shige S, Aonashi K, Okamoto K (2009) Development of nonuniform beamfilling
correction method in rainfall retrievals for passive microwave radiometers over ocean using
TRMM observations. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87a:153–164
Kummerow C (1998) Beamfilling errors in passive microwave rainfall retrievals. J Appl Meteorol
37:356–370
Kummerow C et al (2000) The status of the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) after
2 years in orbit. J Appl Meteorol 39:1965–1982
Kummerow C, Poyner P, Berg W, Thomas-Stahle J (2004) The effects of rainfall inhomogeneity
on climate variability of rainfall estimated from passive microwave sensors. J Atmos Ocean
Technol 21:624–638
Kunkee DB, Poe GA, Boucher DJ, Swadley SD, Hong Y, Wessel JE, Uliana EA (2008) Design and
evaluation of the first special sensor microwave imager/sounder. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote
Sens 46:863–883
Lafont D, Guillemet B (2004) Subpixel fractional cloud cover and inhomogeneity effects on
microwave beam-filling error. Atmos Res 72:149–168
Lin J-L (2007) The double-ITCZ problem in IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs: ocean-atmosphere
feedback analysis. J Climate 20:4497–4525
Liu WT, Xie X (2002) Double intertropical convergence zones–a new look using scatterometer.
Geophys Res Lett 29:2072
Lovejoy G, Austin G (1979) The delineation of rain areas from visible and IR satellite data for
GATE and mid-latitudes. Atmos-Ocean 17:77–92
Marshall JS, Palmer W (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. J Meteorol 5:165–166
North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF, Moeng FJ (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical
orthogonal functions. Mon Weather Rev 110:699–706
Petty GW (1995) Frequencies and characteristics of global oceanic precipitation from shipboard
present-weather reports. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1593–1616
Petty G (1997) An intercomparison of oceanic precipitation frequencies from 10 special sensor
microwave/imager rain rate algorithms and shipboard present weather reports. J Geophys Res
102:1757–1777
Shimizu S, Oki R, Tagawa T, Iguchi T, Hirose M (2009) Evaluation of the effects of the orbit boost
of the TRMM satellite on PR rain estimates. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87:83–92
244
L.S. Chiu et al.