8 Conclusion
In India, dairy sector plays an important role in the national economy and in the
socio-economic development of the country. Changes in climate are likely to
impact farm animals by means of compromised performance, health status and
immune response which would not only threaten the sustainability of dairy production system and livelihood of millions of milk producers but also food and
nutritional security of the country. The existing adaptation and mitigation strategies
have the potential to significantly reduce likely impact of climate change on dairy
production system. Therefore, it is high time that concerted efforts are made to
enhance the resilience of the farms and animals through dissemination of adaptation
and mitigation strategies in a sustained manner so that, the production and productivity levels of dairy animals are not only maintained but also improved even in
challenging environmental conditions.
References
Al-Katanani, Y. M., Webb, D. W., & Hansen, P. J. (1999). Factors affecting seasonal variation in
90-d nonreturn rate to first service in lactating Holstein cows in a hot climate. Journal of Dairy
Science, 82, 2611–2616.
Batima, P. (2007). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector of
Mongolia. Assessments of impacts and adaptations to climate change, International START
Secretariat. Washington DC, US.
Berman, A. (2005). Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal
Science, 83, 1377–1384.
Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Marnen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfensen, D., et al. (1985). Upper
critical temperature and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical
climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1488–1495.
De Rensis, F., & Scaramuzzi, R. J. (2003). Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the
dairy cow—a review. Theriogenology, 60, 1139–1151.
De, D., & Singh, G. P. (2001). Monensin enriches UMMP supplementation on in vitro methane
production in crossbred calves. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Animal Nutritional Conference
(Abstract papers), (p. 161). Animal Nutrition Society of India, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India.
Dutt, T., Taneja, V. K., Singh, Avtar, & Singh, A. (1992). Comfort zone for maximal milk
production in crossbred cattle. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45(3), 119–122.
Hahn, G. L. (1981). Housing and management to reduce climatic impacts on livestock. Journal of
Animal Science, 52, 175–186.
Hahn, G. L. (1999). Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science,
77(Suppl.2), 10–12.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2009). Livestock and climate change.
Available in: https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/48b0cd7b-f70d-4f55-b0c0-5a19fa3e5f38.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2007). Climate Change: Synthesis Report;
Summary for Policymakers. Available in:http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/
ar4_syr_spm.pdf.
Johnson, H. D. (1965). Environmental temperature and lactation (with special reference to cattle).
International Journal of Biometerology, 9, 103–116.
Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for …
527
In India, dairy sector plays an important role in the national economy and in the
socio-economic development of the country. Changes in climate are likely to
impact farm animals by means of compromised performance, health status and
immune response which would not only threaten the sustainability of dairy production system and livelihood of millions of milk producers but also food and
nutritional security of the country. The existing adaptation and mitigation strategies
have the potential to significantly reduce likely impact of climate change on dairy
production system. Therefore, it is high time that concerted efforts are made to
enhance the resilience of the farms and animals through dissemination of adaptation
and mitigation strategies in a sustained manner so that, the production and productivity levels of dairy animals are not only maintained but also improved even in
challenging environmental conditions.
References
Al-Katanani, Y. M., Webb, D. W., & Hansen, P. J. (1999). Factors affecting seasonal variation in
90-d nonreturn rate to first service in lactating Holstein cows in a hot climate. Journal of Dairy
Science, 82, 2611–2616.
Batima, P. (2007). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector of
Mongolia. Assessments of impacts and adaptations to climate change, International START
Secretariat. Washington DC, US.
Berman, A. (2005). Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal
Science, 83, 1377–1384.
Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Marnen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfensen, D., et al. (1985). Upper
critical temperature and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical
climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1488–1495.
De Rensis, F., & Scaramuzzi, R. J. (2003). Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the
dairy cow—a review. Theriogenology, 60, 1139–1151.
De, D., & Singh, G. P. (2001). Monensin enriches UMMP supplementation on in vitro methane
production in crossbred calves. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Animal Nutritional Conference
(Abstract papers), (p. 161). Animal Nutrition Society of India, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India.
Dutt, T., Taneja, V. K., Singh, Avtar, & Singh, A. (1992). Comfort zone for maximal milk
production in crossbred cattle. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45(3), 119–122.
Hahn, G. L. (1981). Housing and management to reduce climatic impacts on livestock. Journal of
Animal Science, 52, 175–186.
Hahn, G. L. (1999). Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science,
77(Suppl.2), 10–12.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2009). Livestock and climate change.
Available in: https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/48b0cd7b-f70d-4f55-b0c0-5a19fa3e5f38.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2007). Climate Change: Synthesis Report;
Summary for Policymakers. Available in:http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/
ar4_syr_spm.pdf.
Johnson, H. D. (1965). Environmental temperature and lactation (with special reference to cattle).
International Journal of Biometerology, 9, 103–116.
Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for …
527